Structure of the Cydia Pomonella in Croatia - Thesis Example

Introduction. This is an analysis into the population genetics of Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) Lepidoptera and tortricidae that niche on the apple orchards and specifically in Croatia. The major aspect under consideration is the genetic structure of the Cydia pomonella in Croatia. From the topic and introduction of this, we come across the first violation of the standard rules in the binomial system of naming organisms, All botanical names are usually supposed to be italized and if not, ruled. The title however, is specific to the content of discussion of the topic; it has the premise of the discussion which makes one to avoid unnecessary conflicts in the discussion. It also assists one to get straight to the details instead of making assertions that have no basic ground in the context of the paper. It is just like the generation of fallacies and being justified, it makes a paper loose the threshold of the discussion allowing the paper to discuss other irrelevant details that do not merit the discussion. Abstract. The abstract has been written to the required text format and it emphasizes on the title, the sampling techniques that were to be applied during the data collection. Methodology that was used in analysis and just that like it is pointed out, finger printing technique were used to establish the resemblance of the various three varieties of CM. Some of the results have actually been used to high light the point of discussion for the associated similarities and variations observed and like it is mentioned that ten allelic variations were observed from the ten micro satellite allelic variations. Key indicators of the paper has also been introduced, genetics studies cannot stand out without reference to the homogeneity of the genetic pairs (HO) or the heterogeneity of the genetic samples under consideration (HE). Geographical distribution is an aspect referred to as the epidemiology of the biological samples which covers the distribution, and the pattern of their flow. Indicators of association can also be highlighted to establish a great understanding of the topic under consideration. From the abstract, his suggestion of the influence of human traffic in the dilution of the genetics propensity and the effect of resistance to chemicals which is a shared trait to most of the CM. The tool used to measure the parameters for the variation was the analysis of molecular variance. This is good indicator for analysis but however, other tools also ought have been used to justify the findings and also to avoid bias in making conclusion which might again enable you to give the wrong verdict in the recommendations for the solution because this paper is in response to some problem that has to be addressed, and that is to establish the reason for the resistance in the CM population genetics. Hypothesis I however have not seen the indication of the null hypothesis and not a mention because it helps establish the scope of the research to be undertaken. There is only an affirmation of a hypothesis which is not supposed to be the case in the context as that is usually supposed to be established at the end of the research finding in the conclusions. It is also a single hypothesis while it always a requirement to include more than one hypothetical statements to enable the critic of the title under consideration. The structure for the statement should always be in an open ended format to allow room for divergence of information and not of a premise that has finality of command as has been stated in the abstract. Main Introduction Strengths of the paper The introduction starts to bring the point of discussion into context; it brings out the problem whose solution is being sought by the paper. Strong emphasis to the problem should be established to justify the paper on why the research has to be done. It gives the back ground for the research to be conducted so that anybody else who wants to read the matter under consideration will establish the coherence of the topic under discussion and will be in a position to link the various parts of the discussion with result topic. It is also here that the appropriate method of choice for data collection can be done. The paper asserts that CM (Cydia pomonella L) is a key pest in fruit production with preference to apple and large amounts of damage have been sustained due to damage by CM. However, there exists two generations of CM per year and that the chemical control mechanism has been to no success at damage levelled at greater than 1% that is beyond the acceptable standard. In this context alone, we already have a clear understanding of the problem in focus; chemical resistance. Case studies conducted in other places on the distribution have indicated the various distribution which has been associate with global warming, high temperatures and also there could be a link between the butterflies and the distribution of the CM. the global warming chemical resistant biotypes are the most abundant types because of the longer flight periods. The association of this data has also been correlated with data from other places like Europe and the whole world for the abundance. He also establishes the mechanism of operation of the mostly used insecticides which is through mating disruption. That has since been stopped to the government regulatory policies and the market and this was as a result of the governments concern to reduce the chances of chemical resistance taking place by limiting the number of the insecticides used in the country. The resistance has also been attributed to cross resistance between chitin inhibitors, moulting activating compounds and he mentions all the necessary justifications for the resistance which makes it viable for the inquiry to the genetic level. It is therefore not a new study but a continuation of some research content in the problem of chemical resistance. The literature review is quite congruent with the problem under discussion. Some good sources have been cited and they ought not to be limited to the context so long as they are to bring a new idea to the area of analysis. The significance of the selected research analytical procedures for use has also been addressed such as the use of alloenzymes markers to target the population, AFLP markers and the mitochondrial markers that has been a recent development in science. It is therefore up to date with the modern technology and hence the relevance to the time has also been established. The most effective of them all was the AFLP marker which detected even to the closest geographical distance. Of all the tests markers, the co dominant micro satellite markers were selected to be the most powerful. It is best used for the estimation of the level of genetic structure. The introduction and the literature have a well coordinated subject of the question and it raises questions on what could be the null hypothesis. It holds the topic addresses Weaknesses of the paper However, the null hypothesis is conspicuously missing from this discussion. The hypothesis is the main subject that aligns the line of thought in the discussion of the paper. Whether we are trying to prove the title or something else is something to be contested with the author of this paper. It therefore indicates that the argument in the paper is void because there is no guide line to direct the discussion. Despite a well defined title, it is usually to be brought to scope by the hypothesis. The aim of the study has been provided and it is to estimate the genetic structure of CM populations among apple orchards with different pest management control practices in Croatia. Materials and method The materials and methods have been extensively been illustrated, they include a sample collection procedure which has been adequately covered involving the ecosystem selection and the identification of the proper niche. The classification of the various sampled orchards to allow variations to select the different species of the CM. The treatments of the orchards with a variety of the chemical were used such as the organophosphates, IGR and the neonicotinoids. A control experiment has also been stated and controlled to standards to avoid contamination by the treated orchard by establishing the appropriate distance between them. A total sample number for the experimentation has been established as 86 individuals. These were a good number and even a higher number could be used which is much better to minimize the errors in the exercise, repetition, and replication and precision are good criteria for determination of a good experimental design. The specific time line for the experiment is mentioned and is a good show of a well structured analytical procedure, planning is of the essence to ensure that all the components are done without mixing up the procedures. Picking up of fruits was done subject to evaluation for attack. Proper extraction of DNA from individual CM was done accordingly using the Gen Flute TM Mammalian DNA kit. And the subsequent polymerase chain reaction was conducted to amplify the amount of DNA to the required level. Separation of the DNA was done by Gel electrophoresis S2 vertical unit and silver stained. Bio statistical Analysis Bio- statistical analysis was also conducted in consideration of all allelic diversity, Ho, He, AR, and FIS calculated for each using special tools that include FSAT and MICRO-CHECKER. The context of the paper was about variations and hence in dealing allelic forms Variance has to be defined from the data generated to show the differences in the population that could be attributed to the chemical resistance. Test for the significant differentiation among population was done using GENEPOP 1.2 and the data corrected for multiple test. Analysis of molecular variance also conducted using the 9999 permutation which makes it appropriate for calculation derived deduction of the experiments. Partitioning of the data basing on the geographic regions for easier management and also the specific partitioning as the treated and the untreated were assessed by using the AMOVA. Total genetic variation was then developed for individuals, populations and within individuals. The results were covered adequately and covered almost all aspect of the design expected for this research. Results The results were expressed into percentage which is the best criteria for easier analysis of data. This also enhances the ability to compare and contrast the data with the previous work already done to see whether there is an increasing correlation or a decrease in the association. All the values were standardised to the anticipated levels for calculation and hence neutralising the error as a result of different techniques used in the experiment. The primer association was also analysed to establish the variations in the experiment to find out the genetic propensity for resistance to the chemical insecticides among the different allelic groups. He went further to tabulate the results which was the best for easier analysis and comparison. AMOVA indicated that the genotype was significant for management type treated vs. untreated. A mental test for isolation was also appropriately used to reveal the non significant, negative relationship in association with the geographic distance. An eventually a deduction for the results suggested that the pattern of the gene flow under isolation by distance model is unlikely to be occurring. This perhaps is a suggestion of the first hypothesis that ought have been stated at the beginning of the experiment stating that, ‘there is a direct relationship between gene flow in isolation by the distance’, After the A mentel test, evidence suggested that there is no bottle neck event as each population displayed a normal L –shaped distribution of alleles. This could be a suggestion of the second hypothesis that could have been stated as: ‘There is variation in the genetic population responsible for the chemical resistance’. Discussion The results that were derived from the experiment indicated that the geographical differentiation based on the geographical distribution was low. This data correlate to data generated in other places. So our data in this experiment conforms to other statistical findings which confirm the lack of differentiation among populations of Lepidoptera pests. However, other data that contradict our finding exist and it showed the existence of significant differentiation. It was suggested that one factor might be that they used the different molecular markers. This is a plausible reason for the differences in research findings carried out by different teams. Flight capacities for the Chemical resistant global warming biotypes still remain the one responsible for the damage to the apple due to their ability to fly long distances. The discussion has been done to context and the various sources cited in the in text indicate that the research was done very well. He however used a small number of research data and no correlation inform of the percentages has been suggested in this context as to justify our data. He has also proposed further research on the areas suggested which should be the concept of every research scientist because he understands what deficits exists and where they should be done and how it can be made successful. He again excluded to mention some of the weaknesses he faced in the duration he conducted the experiments. One question we are likely to ask ourselves is that how comes only the male CM were caught and not the female during the sampling. This is a reasonable question because reproduction by the Mendelian principle should associate both sexes that contribute the gene pool. Also, there are usually differences in the genes of the males and the females which could be the factor here which has not been mentioned either. He has not explained the reason for the selection of only the male which makes it a little wanting. Conclusion I can confidently ascertain the fact that the paper is within the context of discussion except for a few minor mistakes that could be as a result of ignorance or carelessness. The hypothesis ought to have been stated at the beginning after the introduction which had not been done. It however has been suggested in the results section. Proper analysis of the result was conducted using a variety of tools which confers some confidence on the results made from the analysis. He has good coherence of the topic under discussion and the significance of the topic, method and techniques were all in place. Tabulation of the data was done to show the variation of the data and using several types of graphical representation. He also had most of the reference that were relevant to the topic under discussion and properly referenced, only that some places where he did use the in text citation were not fully linked though it did cover a small fraction of the paper. The numbers of references used were a good number but he ought to have used more sources. ‘Usually a scientific paper has to have as many references as possible and the number of references always indicate the amount and relevance of the study subject’ (Zell, 1998, p 54). It can also be stated that it is good to have a good number to avoid self contradiction and replicating of information or research already conducted. Above all, the paper has been significant to the topic under discussion, and possesses the impact and insight into further research even though experimental errors are usually accepted in any design. Reference list Zell, H .M. (1998). A hand book of good practice in journal. 2ndedn. Zimbabwe: Internal African institute. Read More