United Nations Mission in Haiti - Term Paper Example

United Nations Mission in Haiti Table of Contents The United Nations- A Brief History …………………………………………2 UNMIH-It’s Formations and Functions……………………………………….2 Changes In The Political Scenario……………………………………………..3 The Background of MINUSTAH ……………………………………………4-5 The United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH)…………5-6 MINUSTAH – The Extension of its Mandate……………………………….6-7 Temporary Reinforcement of MINUSTAH…………………………………7-9 The United States Commitment towards Haiti………………………………9-10 The Latest Developments in the Caribbean Country of Haiti………………10-11 Perspectives on the Situation prior to the Elections………………………...11-12 In Conclusion………………………………………………………………..12 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………12-13 Footnotes……………………………………………………………………..13 The United Nations - A brief History The United Nations began in the American city of San Francisco, California where representatives from 50 countries met in 1945. This United Nations conference drew up the United Nations charter. 24th October is the United Nations Day since it officially came into being on the same day in the same year after it was validated by China, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, France and other signatories. The structure consists of six main organs, them being: General Assembly Security Council Economic and Social Council Trusteeship Council International Court of Justice Secretariat There are other bodies which are included in this circle, many other programs and agencies. The member states contribute to the source of funds for the organization. These funds are assessed on a scale approved by the government, the basic criterion being the country’s capacity to pay. The UN has 4 fundamental functions which are: Maintain international peace and security Development of friendly relations between nations To co-operate in solving international humanitarian, economic, social and cultural problems; promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms Center for harmonizing the nations in attaining these ends. Almost every UN body is specialized in protecting the Human Rights Law which is probably its greatest achievements. It has a universally protected code and all nations can subscribe to it. It’s the first of its kind in the history of the UN body. The mechanisms which have been introduced to implement these codes have also and protect rights to help the governments work better towards promoting them have also been very successful. UNMIH – It’s formation and functions The UNMIH (United Nations Mission in Haiti) was established on September 23rd 1993 by the Security Council under the Resolution 867 (1993) in an effort to introduce certain provisions of the Governor’s Island Agreement which the Haitians parties had signed on July 3rd 1993.Creating a new police force and modernizing the existing armed forces were the requisites of the agreement. The utilization and implementation of the mandate could not be carried out at that time fully because of the Haiti military’s non- cooperation. But in October 1994, the Haitian Constitutional Government was restored by the help of a United States led multinational force which was under the authorization of the Security Council. This made it possible for the UNMIH‘s mandate to be revised to enable the Mission again. The Mission was to aid the democratic Government of Haiti with the fulfilling of certain responsibilities which consisted of the following: Preserving a safe and stable environment set up during the multinational phase Safeguarding international workforce and principle installations Professionalization and modernization of the Haitian Armed force The establishment of a separate office To extend help towards the legitimate constitutional authorities of Haiti in setting up conditions instrumental in the establishment of a free and fair legislative elections called by those authorities was also a responsibility of the UNMIH.The full functions were assumed by the body on March 31st 1995 followed by a summer election of democratic legislation in 1995 itself. On December 17th 1995, the Presidential elections were held followed by a transfer of power on February 7th 1996.The Security Council then extended the mandate of the UNMIH on the request of the Haitian President until June 30th 1996 which was to be the final leg. The resolution (1996) has the support of other similar peacekeeping bodies like the United Nations Support Mission In Haiti (UNSMIH), United Nations Transition Mission In Haiti (UNTMIH) and the United Nations Civilian Police Mission In Haiti (UNCPMIH).This period in the nation’s development saw a number of positive changes which included the establishment of democracy to some lengths. The handover of power was peaceful and the substantial growth of a multifaceted society was evident .The period also was witness to an increasing societal development in carrying out democratic and political cultural changes in the area. But these changes were also considered drawbacks since the ongoing political unrest manifested into a lack of commitment towards serious and reforming changes. Changes in the Political Scenario President Jean-Bertrand Aristide and his Fanmi Lavalas party claimed victory in the 2000 Presidential and parliamentary elections. They barely won by a margin and the turnover were just 10 percent of the voters. The international community members and the opposition smelt foul play and contested the outcome, accusing the government of falsifying the results. This was followed by a break down of the dialogue between the government and the opposition which led to a newly formed opposition movement including other political parties, civil society actors and the private sector which demanded the President’s resignation by the close of 2003.A Prior Action Plan was submitted in January 31st 2004 with the help of a mediation offered by the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).Later in the month of February, an implementation plan followed suit brought together by the Group of Six comprising Canada, the European Union, the Bahamas, the United States, France and the Organization of American States (OAS).Although President Aristide agreed to both of these plans ,the opposition did not. Major reforms had been called out for by the Prior Action Plan including a full cabinet change but allowing President Aristide to carry out his term. Even though the diplomatic initiatives taken by the bodies aimed at getting by the political impasse, it didn’t work as planned. The background of MINUSTAH – United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti An armed riot broke out in the city of Gonaives in the beginning of February 2004, which subsequently spread to other cities. Much of the northern part of the nation was taken over by the rebels who didn’t cease despite diplomatic attempts; instead, the armed opposition threatened to take over the capital of Haiti. Aristide left the country on February 29th, leaving a letter of resignation behind which was read out by Yvon Neptune, the Prime Minister. Within a short span of time, the President of the Supreme Court was sworn in as acting president, as stated in the constitutional rules. Major Barbara Fick, US Army. Joint Force Quarterly article, Issue # 41 observes that “Within 48 hours of Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s resignation and departure on February 29, 2004, Chilean forces deployed and integrated into a multinational interim force to help secure and stabilize the small, impoverished island nation.” It was on the evening of the same day that a Presidential request for assistance was submitted to the United Nations by the Permanent Representative of Haiti which authorized international troops to gain access in Haiti. This request was followed by resolution 1529 (2004) adopted by the Security Council 1. It permits the Multinational Force (MIF) and declares the Security Council’s willingness to help continue the peaceful and constitutional political process, preserving the security of the environment at the same time. The authorization came into effectiveness immediately. A transitional government was formed and came into effect after conferring with the interim President and the then-Prime Minister. A government that consisted of 13 members was formed on March 27th 2004 by the Prime Minister after talks with the Conseil Des Sages. In order to frame a wide and flexible political agreement for the functions of the transitional Government, a political agreement, the Consensus on the Political Transition Pact, was signed. The signature was that of the Prime Minister who spoke for all the representative bodies including members of the Conseil des sages, representatives of various political groups and civil societies. The purpose was to arrive at a common understanding which would lead to the municipal, parliamentary and presidential elections in 2005 , ending with the election of a new President. The pact was rejected by Fanmi Lavalas. Days after the passage of United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 1529, Chile, Canada, France, and the United States established a multinational force responsive to and capable of coordinating with international authorities and aid efforts in Haiti. The rapid reaction, deployment, and integration of coalition forces saved the lives of many Haitians, prevented mass migration during a time of rough seas, and facilitated transition to the process of restabilization.  Chile continues to deploy forces as a member of the UN Stabilization Force Haiti (MINUSTAH), led by Brazil and comprised mostly of Latin American troops (Major Barbara Fick, US Army. Joint Force Quarterly article, Issue # 41). The measures carried out by the pact during the changing period were vast and comprised those of: Development Security Decentralization Elections Judicial changes Initiative for a national conference Fight against corruption Political party and civil society strengthening Remerging of previous armed forces Revamping and professionalization of the Haitian National Police (NHP) It was also decided upon to address issues such as recent human rights abuses, financial wrongdoing and matters related to the former military. The need to stress assistance towards victims of the former government was also laid down. One of the primary issue of concern was the women’s humans rights violations acts being committed. “Haiti’s women are facing challenges and violations of their human rights on many levels today. The rising violence and insecurity, particularly in the katyè popilè is dealing a fatal blow to the livelihoods of small merchant women. Politically-motivated rapes are occurring at frightening frequency. Bodies are found daily in the streets of Port-au-Prince” (Let Haiti Live Women’s Rights Delegation, January 2005). Women were being imprisoned because they could not afford lawyers for themselves. The peacekeeping operations including the development of the MIF were to be consulted with the United Nation. When the pact was reported to the Security Council on April 16th 2004, the Secretary-General of the United Nations accepted it graciously and observed that the Pact was on the path to bring together many Haitians from different walks of life towards a common goal. The Pact would also help them during the transitional period until that time even though it did not incorporate all other principle political movements. He advised the Haitians to grab that opportunity to seek a common national fronted dialogue. But as predicted by the Security Council 1529 (2004) and as discovered by the multidisciplinary assessment group after their visit to the country in March 2004, the set up of a multidimensional peace keeping and stabilization operation called the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) was enforced. The Security Council adopted resolution 1542 of 30 April 2004 acting on the recommendations of the Secretary-General. It established MINUSTAH for an introductory six-month period, and requested that authority be transferred from the MIF to MINUSTAH on 1 June s 2004. The United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) This mission was headed by Alfredo Lopes Cabral as a representative of the Secretary-General appointed from October 1999 through March 2000.The headquarters were located at Port –au-Prince and the Police Commissioner in charge was Colonel George Gabbardo (France),who was appointed in May 1999 through March 2000. The mission’s main function was to aid the Haitian National Police in its task of professionalization of the force. The stress was on the higher levels of supervision as well as implementing training schemes for specialized units. The rest of the concerns were: Guiding the performance of the force Mentoring the daily duties Coordinating with the HNP’s technical advisors financed by the United Nations Development Programme The special police unit’s concerns also included aiding the MIPONUH personnel protect its property. On 16 March 2000, the succession of MIPONUH was carried out by the new International Civilian Support Mission in Haiti (MICAH). Resolution A/54/193 of 17 2 December 1999 was the basis of the approval of this mission by the General Assembly. The nations that contributed to the civilian police personnel were India, Argentina, France, Canada, Benin, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Tunisia, Togo and the United States. The mission was financed by a Special Account. The Gross amount appropriated by the General assembly was $20.4 million for the period of July 1999 to June 2000.Amongst the many United Nation peacekeeping programmes, this was one without a military enforcement. MINUSTAH – The Extension of its Mandate The mandate was further extended for another 18 months, in lieu of the situation prior to the elections, until May 31st 2006 upon recommendation of the Secretary General with a few adjustments in the initial structure. The adjustments proposed were the following: A 125 member strong additional police unit force were to be placed in Port-au-Prince for an interim period Measures to strengthen security in the capital as well as extend advanced operational service to the Haitian National Police Rapid-impact humanitarian schemes were to be implemented that went beyond those of the Mission’s first year Increasing MINUSTAH’s ability to enforce disarmament Beginning new (DDR) projects in the community Strengthening the Mission’s stand in monitoring the evaluation of the DDR structure, constituting small arms and other security related issues. Roads and Bridges were to be repaired during the Mission’s operation in the capital which brought along an Engineer in the personnel Enforce humanitarian development even in the face of natural calamities Since the August 30th interim report, the security situation had worsened in Haiti especially in the capital city followed by a burst in violence issues, said the Security General. The troops were cautioned by him to not participate in violence of any kind to help mediate the transition period under process in the nation. Rather, they should concentrate in working on their structure and strength to support the nation which would in due time lead towards a stable environment as envisaged. He spoke in support of the Transitional Government in trying to end violence of the troops. The report stated that peace and security restoration in Haiti could only be achieved through basic human rights law and order. Even the Transitional Government was urged to maintain the same since and abstain from involvement in the ongoing violence. The report also demanded adherence to the rule of all illegal weapons on the streets be removed or confiscated through a peaceful community-based disarmament. The new report also sustained the holding of elections, both presidential and legislative, in 2005 by the Transitional Government. This memorandum of understanding had other signatories comprising the Organization of American States, the International Organization of La Francophonie, the Caribbean Community and other donors and agencies. Employment creation for longer term benefits were also considered mandatory for the upliftment of a severely poor country following which immediate relief projects were implemented in the nation. This measure received huge support at the International Donors Conference on Haiti which was held in Washington D.C on July 19th and 20th 2004.The mandate was extended again on November 29th 2004 viewing the ongoing challenges in the nation and on the grounds of social, political and economic stability to a further June 1st 2005 with the intention of its renewal left open. Temporary Reinforcement of MINUSTAH On his report to the Security Council dated 13 May 2005, the Secretary General stated that progress had been made over the past few months in securing a safe environment towards a better political situation to unfold. The political transition was setting foot into a critical period and hence, the challenges remained delicate. He spoke of a better involvement of the government in an attempt to gain the support and trust of the people. What was also necessary was a powerful support and coordination of international communities in view of the situation in the country, with the help of which the Transitional Government along with the people of Haiti could work towards securing a profitable advancement of the process. This effort was represented by the Security Council on its visit to Haiti from April 13th to 16th in collaboration with the Economic and Social Council of the Ad Hoc Advisory Group on Haiti. It also stated that the MINUSTAH operations along with the Haitian National Police had been successful in restraining the activities of illegal armed forces, which was to be sustained to stop any kind of threat against the future electoral process. The international committee was urged to secure funds for the permanent and effective implementation of a disarmament and reintegration programme to ensure a better security situation. This plea was also aimed at the Transitional Government. For democracy to be introduced in Haiti the electoral process was an important step and all citizens were encouraged by the Secretary-General to participate in its proceedings. He also left it upon the responsibility of all political leaders in Haiti to ensure its success. An elected government was one of the first steps towards achieving any kind of democratic future for the people of Haiti. He called on both the international communities and the donor communities to support the mission with respective forms of support and means. The Caribbean Community’s offer was also welcomed as a technical support to the process. One of the other main concerns was also that of violators of human rights issues which saw a demand of justice being on the rise and with much urgency. The violation of Women’s Rights was of primary concern due to various reports confirming the ill-treatment of this sex. According to the findings of the Let Haiti Live Women’s Rights Delegation, Haitian women were subject to human rights violations on many levels. The main perpetrators were alleged to be the national police officers and the report demanded that the Transitional Government look into the matter immediately. The law including that of justice, prison and police remained weak and the Transitional Government was called upon to investigate these issues as soon as possible. The Secretary-General suggested that reform had to be implemented towards reforming the judicial and penal systems as well. Hence, the operational force and the Police force was urged to work parallel to each other in demonstrating these reforms which at the same time would gain the confidence of the population. According to NGO reports and Civil society papers, the UN peace operation in Haiti, MINUSTAH, faced “serious obstacles in restoring the rule of law” ( Refugees International, Bulletin, 14 March 2005). It also said that “armed gangs pose a threat to peace” as well as the “misconduct by the Haitian National Police (HNP) has combined with a lack of capacity to create a policing gap in Haiti” (Refugees International, Bulletin, 14 March 2005). The Bulletin also mentions that the UN Civilian Police (UNCVP) have their hands tied since they cannot address this problem if the mandate is not reviewed. There were also cases of rape against the peacekeeping forces according to Refugees International, Bulletin, 7 March 2005 which reported that “On Friday, February 18, a radio station in Gonaïves, Haiti claimed that three members of the UN Peacekeeping Force in Haiti, MINUSTAH, had raped a young Haitian woman.” The MINUSTAH investigated the matter and revealed the findings at a press conference to the Haitian media on February 21st.The Bulletin also states that these quick actions were appreciated but the MINUSTAH still had a long way to go regarding keeping sexual exploitations by peacekeeping operations strictly at bay. The United Nations was committed towards the process of political transition in Haiti and supported the Transitional Government in achieving the same, said the Secretary-General in the conclusion of the report. He also encouraged the Council’s approval of the proposals in the report. To assist in the face of troubled areas during the electoral process, the Secretary-General deployed an additional infantry battalion of 750 troops. The United Nations troops were raised to that of 7,500 from 6,700.The United Nations police force was raised to that of 1,900 from 1,600 and the Mission saw a further extension of a 12 month period until the establishment of the new government. Hence, the MINUSTAH mandate was extended until February 15th 2006 after the Secretary-General’s proposals, to assist the nation’s transition into the new Government of Haiti. He was requested by the Council to allow them access to any kind of information regarding the nation’s progress in terms of security, logistics, voter registration, observation, civic education and budgeting during the electoral process. International donors were called on for financial help. The main programme to take precedence over all else was to be the investigation of human rights issues and the implementation of disarmament and demobilization programmes. The Member States were immediately called upon to participate on these terms and for the provision of technical and financial help that was required. “While many challenges continue in Haiti, the success of initial security and stabilization operations, continued support to MINUSTAH, and the significant contribution of Latin American and Caribbean nations to peacekeeping   operations around the world demonstrate a growing capability in the Western Hemisphere for participation in joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational operations, such as those currently required in Afghanistan and Iraq (Major Barbara Fick, US Army. Joint Force Quarterly article, Issue # 41). The United States Commitment towards Haiti The United Nations U.S permanent representative John Bolton says that many developments have been seen in Haiti and the country will not cease in its support of democracy in Haiti. He has committed an amount of almost half a billion dollars by the end of the year 2006. He also praised the outcome of the February 7th elections and said that he believes the president-elect Rene Preval will lead the people of Haiti to a brighter future. He also expressed belief that the president will act according to the Haitian people’s best interests at heart and also urged the international community to work towards the same. MINUSTAH was also encouraged to work harder in providing a safe environment in the country as well as asking the President-elect to work together with the MINUSTAH to reform the Haitian police force. Bolton further said that the ultimate victory will lie in the hands of the Haitian people even though the US and other nations will continue in their support and backing. “The United States remains fully committed to ensuring the necessary work is accomplished to eliminate obstacles along Haiti's path. We also understand that it is ultimately the responsibility of the government and people of Haiti to consolidate real and lasting democratic reform."( Wasington File News, March 27th 2006) “Beyond immediate stabilization, however, this Council is right to focus on the vital task of preparing the Haitian government to face security challenges on its own. The United States reiterates its support for the development and reform of the Haitian National Police. We call upon President-elect Preval's government to cooperate fully with MINUSTAH to vet and train both new recruits and current officers. The professionalization of the police force alone is not enough – the justice system must also be strengthened. All the challenges cannot be addressed overnight, but we are already seeing promising signs, and in particular I would like to commend the leadership of Haitian National Police Director-General Mario Andresol.” “The United States remains fully committed to ensuring the necessary work is accomplished to eliminate obstacles along Haiti's path. We also understand that it is ultimately the responsibility of the government and people of Haiti to consolidate real and lasting democratic reform”.( Press Release. Statement by Ambassador John R. Bolton, U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations, on the Situation in Haiti, in the Security Council, March 27, 2006) The Latest Developments in the Caribbean Country of Haiti The Security Council extended the MINUSTAH mandate on August 15th to another period of six months. This was approved under the efforts being made towards the prevention of crime and violence undertakings in the island. The vote was unanimous and was taken at the UN headquarters in New York. The mandate is to be extended until February 15th of the coming year which is a date six months earlier than the one suggested by Kofi Annan. The resolution passed calls for a reinforcement of peacekeeping troops almost up to the number of 7,200 and as many as 1,951 police officers and 16 corrections officers. The decision has been made in lieu of the many violent crimes that are prevalent in the country especially in the capital; kidnapping by armed forces being the main concern. MINUSTAH has been asked by the Council to restart its disarmament and reintegration programme towards a more locally adapting condition. The mission is also supposed to provide jobs and rehabilitation facilities to the gang members and other delinquents. Other concerns include, the prevention and investigation of drug trafficking and arms dealing on borders, training of police officers and justice reforms. The mission is also to aid the polling of municipal and legislative elections. Mr.Annan maintains in recent report that a fresh start is very possible for Haiti after the success of the elections. The new government is broad and has an 18-member cabinet all hailing from different political parties. Clause 14 of resolution 1702 (2006) reads as follows: Decides that MINUSTAH, consistent with its existing mandate under resolution 1542 (2004) to assist with the restructuring and maintenance of the rule of law, public safety and public order, will provide assistance and advice to the Haitian authorities, in consultation with relevant actors, in monitoring, restructuring, reforming and strengthening of the justice sector, including through technical assistance to review all relevant legislation, the provision of experts to serve as professional resources, the rapid identification and implementation of mechanisms to address prison overcrowding and prolonged pre-trial detention and the coordination and planning of these activities, and invites the Government of Haiti to take full advantage of that assistance. (Section 1 of operative paragraph 7 of resolution 1542 (2004). Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations) 3 The new government is under the Prime Minister Alexis backed by a balanced policy agenda. It has been suggested the reform can be more fruitful for the nation if it works closely with the United Nations country member team and MINUSTAH to help bring enforcement and implementation of the new law. Perspectives on the Situation prior to the Elections The worsening of the current situation in Haiti is of dire consequences. There has been an increased rate of assassinations, political violence and crime and the kidnappings have hit an all time high. In this stark face of deterioration, the February Elections were not viewed upon as the best thing to do by some presenters. They had different views amongst them and there were comparisons being made to Iraq, Salvador and South Africa where the people voted despite the ongoing clashes. Contrary to the opposing team, the supporters’ argument was that if the registration deadlines were extended, then more people had the chance of registering to vote resulting in an even effective and unanimous presidential election. The opposition argued that it was futile to vote in the ongoing situation since it would not be safe for people to travel all the way to vote and registrations would not be fair since people would be unwilling to appear for it. They thought that more creative measures should be taken rather than adhering to deadlines and traditional formulas for the restoration of peace in the vicinity. The factors that were directly related to the commencement of the elections were the following: Drastic violence reduction in order to hold campaigns, vote and register. Polling and registration sites to be available to the poor from remote areas Involvement of all political parties The turnout of voters to be high and the elections to be overseen and held on fair grounds. An effective team to handle fraud and work towards a promising outcome. The solutions forwarded to the problems were the following: To address the US deportees issues which have major links with drug gangs and other facets of crime A public works job programme was also proposed A gun buy back programme The out come was a formation of three committees to present the resolutions to the general body. It was a successful attempt since it brought together many other political parties and a range of interest groups to work towards a common goal of restoring peace and stabilization in the nation, which led to the February 2006 elections being held. René` Perval was declared the president finally after more than a week of vote counting and as many as four postponements of the polling days. He won with more than four times the vote of his rival. In Conclusion Even with the election of the President, Haiti cannot address all its problem areas on its own. The country still requires the intervention and aid especially financial, from the UN member states. It also needs the mission to support the other minor elections which are to be held soon. The Haitian National Police also needs the MINUSTAH support to implement changes in its operations especially in counter-kidnapping and anti-gang operations. They can achieve this with the help of the SWAT unit.Therefore, the Secretary-General maintains that the international community extend as much aid as possible to Haiti in light of its new phase after the success of the elections. Socio-economic requirements are a must even if they are short term, to meet the expectations of the public. Visible relief development projects are to be implemented rather than tall promises being made. The Haitian people need help in all spheres of daily life first so the introduction of basic facilities and amenities are essential including employment schemes and creations should be delivered. The prison system has to be reformed and the United Nations along with the Member Countries prepare to stand behind Haiti in its struggle for a better democratic system. Haiti was the second independent country in the Americas in 1804.It has a remarkable history. It was also the world’s first Black Republic and is known for being the first nation to emerge out of slave revolt. The incurred amount of debt the country owes seems to be the main source of underdevelopment.4 Bibliography Concannon Jr., B & Philips A. Haiti Needs Justice, Not Charity. Sun Sentinel 2006 Security Council Extends United Nations Mission in Haiti until 15th February 2007.Unanimously Adopting Resolution 1702 (2006).United Nations Information Service.August 16th 2006 Stressing crime prevention, Security Council extends UN mission in Haiti by 6 months.UN News Centre. August 15th 2006 Ron Daniels, Ph.D. Second National/International Symposium: the Future of Democracy and Development in Haiti. July 2006 United nations Peacekeeping Operations. MIPONUH- Mission Profile. March 15th 2000 Washington File News. United States Committed to helping Haitian people. March 27th 2006 Notes 1. See Resolution 1529 adopted unanimously. Security Council Establishes UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti. http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:WT7KMNNp2NsJ:haiticci.undg.org/uploads/SCR%25201542.doc+MINUSTAH+mandate+1529&hl=en&gl=in&ct=clnk&cd=1 2. For further reading on the same, see Getting Here from There: Haiti’s Quest for Democracy by Walter E. Kretchik. http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:DPkxVfdUiw8J:www.ndu.edu/chds/Journal/PDF/2005/Kretchik_article-edited.pdf+Resolution+A/54/193+of+17+UN+Mission&hl=en&gl=in&ct=clnk&cd=3 3. For a full reading on the Statement passed by the Security Council see http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:asOx3eoDCXIJ:www.womenwarpeace.org/haiti/docs/res1542.pdf+resolution+1542+(2004&hl=en&gl=in&ct=clnk&cd=3 4. The authors have further elaborated on Haiti’s need for justice and its crumbling debts that are crippling the country in the article Haiti Needs Justice, Not Charity which can be viewed on the web via this link. http://www.gflsci.org/newsletter/ Read More