Increased Migration Flows and the Link to Globalizing Processes: South Asia to the UK - Term Paper Example

Increased migration flows and the link to globalizing processes: South Asia to UK. Name: Course Instructor’s name Institution Date Ways in which increased migration flows are linked to the globalising processes Migration involves the physical movement of individuals from one destination to another or one country to another. Conversely, globalisation is the process that involves the transformation in social relations and transactions, which are in form of transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activities, interaction and power (McGrew et al, 1999). Globalisation involves stretching of social, political and economic activities across regions and continents. Secondly globalization is marked by growing interconnectedness and flows of trade, investment, migration and culture. Migration flows have been attributed to globalisation processes. The movement of people from South Asia to the United Kingdom is as a result of these processes. There has been a rise in migration flows from into the UK. The ease in these migration flows is accelerated by the processes of globalization i.e. economic, political, social and cultural. Presently, migration has been on an upward trend during the 20th and 21st centuries because immigrants are seeking greener pastures in far and wide countries (Castles & Miller, 2009). Migration can result in either permanent or temporary residence of immigrants in the host country. Colonial powers have had a major influence on their protectorates, and thus an increase in migration flows over time. Migration is a worldwide phenomenon and most countries like the UK openly encourage it through their migration programs (Castles, 2010). Globalization, on the other hand, has not only led to the integration as a result of the interchange of ideas and resources around the world but is also linked to the speeding up of global interactions and processes due to the development of worldwide means of transport and communication. Consequently, there is an increase and diffusion of ideas, goods, information and people. The growing concentration and velocity of global interactions that can be associated with the general global consequences being experienced in the 20th and 21st century is due to globalisation.Therefore, globalization is the widening, intensifying, speeding up and the growing impact of worldwide interconnectedness (McGrew et al., 1999). It involves a transformation in the scale of human social organization that extends power relations across the world’s major regions and how they shape cultures all over the globe just like the United Kingdom has done. Globalising processes are thus closely linked to migration. Rapid migration flows from south Asia to the UK are directly influenced globalisation. This essay will, therefore, focus on the migration flows from Asian countries to the UK. It offers an evaluation of the factors that trigger the increased flows and the impact of the migration in the host country. The essay provides a detailed assessment of various aspects of globalising processes such as political, social, cultural and economic that influence relocation of people. Globalisation has, therefore, resulted into increased migration flows. The increased migration flows from South Asia to the UK as experienced today is as a result of the processes of globalisation. The two phenomena, migration and globalisation, are thus interrelated. The rapid growth of United Kingdom’s South Asian (Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) population during the second half of the 20thcentury was as a result of increased globalization processes in the UK, such that by the year 2000 there were over 2 million immigrants (Castles and Miller 2009). This is best understood as the most recent indication of a vibrant series of connections between the British Isles and the Indian sub-continent which first began to emerge when the United Kingdom set about an royal presence in South Asia which are now developing rapidly in a post-Imperial context. During the process of transformation, the year 1947 was a major turning point in three quite different senses. It marked a point at which, as Pundit Nehru puts it, India fulfilled its encounter with fortune, and thus arose to life and freedom,the British Raj had come to an end (Werbner, 1989). Migration marked the start of Britain’s post-war economic flourishing and with it the beginnings of a sensation that ultimately precipitated some equally significant transformations in the character of Anglo-Indian relationships. The large-scale immigration of migrant workers of South Asian to the United Kingdom as a result of globalisation (Halls, 1991). Globalisation plays a significant role in eliminating movement barriers between different political boundaries. Over 216 million people live outside their home countries, and it indicates clearly how globalization has made it easy for people to move freely without overemphasizing on their cultures (Gilroy, 1994).India has over 11 million emigrants and most of them reside in Europe. Globalization processes are the most common facilitator for migration and plays a role in eliminating disparities in countries. Where people migrate to other than their home countries by harnessing economies, social conditions and political stability among industrialized countries and the world at large (McDowell, 2009). Manifestly, globalisation processes will have a long-term impact on the nature of migratory flows. The complexity of migration patterns cannot be disregarded. In fact, global migration patterns have become increasingly complex. This is because, in the past, migration followed colonial and other historical links. The international migration is linked to the improvement of the transportation system over the years (Castles and Miller, 2009). Having that the United Kingdom is high skilled labour market it has over the years encouraged the migration of high-skilled individuals who provide the much-needed qualified personnel. For years, India has provided England with prominent doctors and engineers more so the nuclear engineers (McDowell, 2009).A key dimension of globalization is the rapid increase of migratory flows over the years, without emphasizing much on their cultures, ideologies, finances and political backgrounds (Castles and Miller 2009). The patterns of migration are increasingly becoming multifaceted. Migrations flows have largely been associated with an increase in demand of a common world market. Cross-border flows have encouraged cross-border labour flows due to an increase in capitalism. The capital markets have encouraged migration stretching back to the 16th century, and a massive wave in industrialization during the 19th and 20th century led to a mass migration (Pries, 2001). The massive growth in migration flows over the years is due to the globalization process which aims at bringing equality to every individual through the integration of cultures and ideologies. Research has shown that in a globalized world, migratory movement is increasingly becoming circular in that their home countries expect financial and even political support (McDowell, 2009). The demand of a common world market has resulted into increased migration flows. The migration flow brought about the British Asians and by 2011, the number of immigrants from South Asia (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) had risen to over 3 million comprising 4.9% of the population (Papastergiadis, 2013). Immigrants from South Asia still practice their various religions with Indians being the dominant group. Some British Asians are still jobless although Indians have a bigger percentage of the most employed immigrants most probably due to their advanced technology and expertise. Research has shown that they are likely to hold degrees than most natives in the United Kingdom (Naerssen & Spaan, 2007). Globalisation may have helped them in adapting to life more quickly, but their beliefs binds some South Asian women, and they hardly intermarry compared to men from the Asian community (Ballard, 1989). Economic globalization and neo liberalism Economic globalisation has impacted on migratory flows over the years. In the earlier 1980s, production was being globalized, and immigrants were entering host countries to provide a much-needed labour and expertise. In the United Kingdom, the emergence of factories and industries led to increased migration inflows from Asia and Africa. This is evident having that most companies in Europe and America have outsourced their organizations mostly to Asia and in particular India due to the availability of cheap labour in South Asia (Brah, 1996). In this sense migration, flow was influenced by economic factors such as demand for labour as a result of industrialization. Increased trade is another economic factor that has led to increased migration flows. Globalisation has helped in the reduction of national governments involvement in global economies as a result of increased international investments growth on capital and the expansionist policies applied by transnational companies. Globalization was brought about by increased trade in the 17th century, and this saw various innovations, and many modes of transport became operational (Gilroy, 1994). Migration flows started initially purely for business purposes and later on controls and measures were adopted to regulate the movements. Migration flows were characterized by slavery all over the world for the sole aim of economic gains (Yeates, 2009). The desire to take part in international trade made most migrants from the South Asian communities to relocate to the United Kingdom. Globalization had its roots in imperial states and the process mostly depended on the mentality of the imperial rulers (castles, 2009). This resulted in the exploitation of Third World countries in the form of ferrying manpower to help in the development of their countries and by this the poor countries remained poor while the rich one continued to prosper (Yeates, 2009). Indians are known to be enterprising, and this brought the much-needed opportunities for most of them to expand their business empires and education. The United Kingdom has had a stable political, social and economic environment and this provided an avenue for enterprising Indians to expand and establish their businesses in a country that encouraged innovation and investment like the United Kingdom (Hannerz, 1996). The relocation of South Asians to UK is as a result of trade- a globolising process. Apart from trade, high demand of cheap labour, from the South Asian countries in the UK, has also led to the relocation of Asians to the UK (Faist, 2000). Labour migration reflects the globalisation of the different economies of the world and labour markets which have encouraged many countries to participate in global migration systems (Pries, 2001). This corresponds to diversification of immigrant populations, in which ‘most countries of immigration have entrants from economic, social and cultural backgrounds’ hence highlighting the influence globalization has had on immigration, more so from the Asian countries where labour is in excess and readily available (Castles & Miller 2009). The United Kingdom encourages migration with the hope of increasing its labour market and over the past few years we have seen immigrants come from India and Pakistan due to their advanced capabilities and knowledge in medicine and engineering. Globalization processes, on the other hand, have provided migrants with powerful communication gadgets for interactions with their respectful homelands. As a result of increased migration due to globalization processes, there have been measures to encourage more cross-border migrations especially from the Asian communities (Cohen, 1997). The process of globalization has over the years provided migrants with the much-needed information on how best to handle themselves in a diverse world with different cultures and demo graphs. For example, Indians and Pakistanis are known to move to where their communities have already settled. In the United Kingdom, they occupy small villages and estates which are purely of the ethnic group (Werbner, 1989). Culture, geographical scope and the general complexity of individuals has affected migration in that most Asians more so from India, and Pakistan are constantly migrating to the United Kingdom. This is as a result of the United Kingdom more so west London attracting immigrants as early as the 1950s (Yeates, 2009). The Asians, therefore, first moved to the UK due to their ability to provide cheap labour. Due to globalization, migration has been on the increase more so to the United Kingdom due to the much-needed labour, International migration has increased due to the globalization processes (Castles, 2010). Consequently, the migration flow increases since the initial migrants attracted the subsequent groups. Industrial revolution brought about economy without borders that saw the formation of the world trade organization due to increased integration and interdependency of different world economies. Industrialization needed to produce well that had a general appeal to reach far wide customers all over the globe. This brought about steamships that were used in international travels, and more nations started embracing international trade (Portes, 2001). Migration flows helped in the production of goods that had a general global appeal. The pound being a stronger currency with greater international appeal, then increased migration to the United Kingdom is understandable. Inequality has dropped over the years having that developing countries are experiencing an increase in growth and more citizens from foreign countries are remitting money back home (Stephen Castles, 2008). Inequalities always brings big social problems and instability in least developed countries, and this migration flows saw per capita income in India double spontaneously (Willis, 2008). Economic liberalization brought about reduction in inequality and raised welfare; though due to migration flows countries suffer a shortage as skill is being shipped to other nations. Nations have experienced capital flights due to increased taxes and tariffs, labor costs and government debts and exchange rates devalue currencies of other nations (castles, 2010). The UK has benefited from increased migration in various ways. One of the benefits of Immigration is to assist in advancing globalisation through the sharing of ideas and technology in order to produce goods and services that have a global outlook and this has increased the development of the United Kingdom into a major world power. The globalization process has improved trade and the appreciation of the diversity of cultures that has led to a significant increase in migration flows since 1980s (Hannerz, 1996). The south Asian immigrants are said to contribute 6% of the United Kingdom’s GDP which is a significant percentage having that they make up of only 4% of the population. Most restaurants in the United Kingdom sell the Indian cuisine, and they are managed by people from the Bangladesh, and they have played a role in improving street markets in Britain (Willis, K 2008). Globalization has helped most of these south Asians market and sold their products freely; most people in the United Kingdom listen to music from the Asian origin despite the language barrier (Werbner, 1989) Social globalization process and inequality A new class of system has always defined the modern world system but with the emergence of a transnational capitalist class which mainly focuses on socialization of globalization and bypasses nations to the global scale. Social globalization has brought about an increase in the integration of societies around the world (Stephen Castles, 2008). It has also led to a surge in migration in that; most communities are linked, and one is assured of his or her protection while there. Social globalization is as a result of the other globalization processes (Halls, 1991). Advancements in technology and the policies that encourage international relations, education and an increase in international business outsourcing impacts on globolisation.. People move freely all over the world because our diversity has been harnessed, and there is a change to how we view other communities (Pries, L 2001). Education is being taught on a diverse scale and how to overcome the world challenges. Indians and Pakistanis have moved to the United Kingdom in search of education, and most Indian doctors have studied in the United Kingdom (Pries, 2001). Integration of worldwide education systems has impacted positively on migration flows. The migration flow from south Asia to the United Kingdom can, therefore, be linked to the phenomenon of global education. For example, the migration flow of south Asians to the United Kingdom started with the arrival of Indian companies, and this continued with flows increasing from Pakistan and Bangladesh for purely education gains. As a result, developed countries and third world countries sought the help of developed nations like Britain and US to educate some of their individual who will in turn help educate the huge masses at home. In the 19th century, India had most of its citizen travel to Britain and America to acquire the necessary skills, and this saw an increase in economies and cultural integration (Hannerz, 1996). The demand for education globally has led to increased immigration flows and oldest institutions of education like Oxford have attracted foreign students in the recent past, and this has increased migration flows to the United Kingdom (Castles ,2010).. Institutions of higher learning have helped in reducing cultural barriers and providing an exchange of information with other people around the world. Increased migration flows are thus directly linked to global education and has led to increased migration flows from South Asia to the UK. Social globalization has reduced the gaps and increased similarities in global social trends thus making communication and relating much easier. It is more inclined to the general wellbeing and advocates for a global culture. Consequently, migration has been on the increase in the recent past because of the world being social enough (McGrew, et al., 1999). There has been increased humanitarian aid, an increase in harmony and an increased need for more information on cultural assimilation (Halls, 1991). The current social trends have influenced migration flows. By 2011, there was a 70% increase in population in the United Kingdom as by the 2011 census, this increase was as a result of many newborn of immigrants (Papastergiadis, 2013). Social globalization has been attributed to the increased migration as many people want to be citizens in the UK, and the amount of applicants keeps increasing over the years. Multinational corporations have also encouraged migration flows in that they ferry most of their employees to the host company. There is an increase in migration of educated and skilled workers. The main purpose of social globalization over the years has been to stem out inequality and bring about a balanced economy with a similar view (Ohmae, 1990). It is, therefore, evident that increased migration flows are highly influenced by social globalising factors. Political globalization process and the national state Political globalization has seen a reduction of developed nations’ influence on the developing countries over time. Sharing views on politics in the same scale globally has been as a result of globalization, and there is an increase in migration flows. Nations like the United Kingdom enjoy political stability and tend to have respect for international political organizations and institutions such as European Union and WTO (ed Mannur 2003). The resultant is increased migration of the citizens from the organization’s member countries to the UK. Politically stable countries tend to attract more immigrants in comparison to politically unstable countries; UK is attributed to political stability. Non-governmental organizations have had influences on public policies across national boundaries. Immigrants feel safer whenever they travel to countries that are stable and can assure immigrants of their safety. The increased migration from Asia to the United Kingdom is as a result of the political stability (Vertovec, 2009). Some countries are yet to experience the importance of political globalization and thus they make it difficult for immigrants to settle there. Political globalization has brought about an increase in human rights advocating good environments that are suitable in conducting business. Global politics is defined by the kind of norms, ideas of cosmopolitanism and human development (Castles, 2010). Immigrants are, therefore, attracted to those countries that are politically stable.Migration flows have increased to developed countries in that these countries have social, economic and political stability and having that, immigrants are foreigners in the host country they need to feel secure so as to adapt quickly. Political globalization has also brought the international division of labour that advocates the rights of employees all over the world more so immigrants (Yeates, 2009). There has also been an increase in interstate agreements due to people moving through various nations. Intensifying connections across borders, and transcontinental practices have resulted in increased migration flows as well as goods to the United Kingdom (ed Mannur 2003). These global politics have helped in bringing stability to the world and through the establishment of the United Nations countries are kept on check. Due to globalization most countries have been able to send most of their senior politicians overseas to expound knowledge on spiky issues that are paramount in the politics of the country (Brah, 1996). With increased political temperatures all over the world, there are organizations that deal with emerging issues, and this always boosts confidence of immigrants and investors (Yeates, 2009). Political globalization can be felt in some developed countries like the United Kingdom and Us unlike third world countries where migration flows are very minimal. India and Pakistan have had political tensions for long, and most of their citizens seek refuge in developed countries while other migrates to enjoy stability in developed nations (Halls, 1991). Migration links have increased to developed countries as compared to developing countries. Cultural globalization process The aspect of globalised culture also leads to increased migration flow. Over the years, world economies and culture has grown spontaneously due to the globalization processes. In recent years, the proportion of labour force South Asia to the UK has doubled (Halls 1991). Though, in the new millennium migration was slowed due to the great recession that affected industrialization and globalization in general (Portes, 2001). The United Kingdom being a globalized society it encourages immigrants to move into their country having that the culture, markets beliefs and practiced have been globalized. Making it easier for immigrants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh adapt more quickly (McDowell, 2009). Cultural globalization has brought about an increase in cross-cultural contacts that in turn has increased migration flows. In the United Kingdom, there is an increase in consumption of Indian cuisine, sushi and other meals that were originally note being consumed by the Britons. Cultural globalization has brought about a decrease in the unique of different communities all over the world (Ballard, 1989). Integration of diverse cultures encourages migration since the immigrants feel at home in a foreign land. Integration of cultural diversity due to globalisation can also be linked to increased migration flows. Although, a mass migration from South Asia was mostly experienced in the late 20thcentury, it started much earlier with the first East Indian company. South Asia is largely diverse in terms of ethnicity, culture, and economic development. But globalization has brought about ways to easily communicate, appreciate diversity and hence the increase of migration flows (Portes, 2001). Migration flows have influenced the political economy of the United Kingdom. This is important in all the economies of states in the UK. With all the globalisation and migration flows the presence of south Asians in the United Kingdom had been minute till the late 20th century when the number of immigrants started surging up (Braziel & Mannur 2003).The Asians had been in the United Kingdom since the first world war, and some were used in the great world war of 1914. But due to lack of general understanding most of the United Kingdom soldiers got preferential treatment compared to the immigrants who were helping in fighting the war (Halls, 1991). With the concept of globalization, change has been realized making things much easier for people to understand and appreciate the diversity of the different cultures (Cohen, 1997). The British Asians are much better understood as ethnic colonies, for the articulation and creation of a unique set of people, economic and intangible resources. As such, they are the core sources of the social, cultural, spiritual and psychological capital on the basis of which to launch an ever-widening series of challenges. Such that all segments of the South Asian population have made a considerable degree of progress since their arrival in the United Kingdom, all these are attributed to globalization (Halls, 1991).Most of these South Asian immigrants have gone ahead and developed most profitable enterprises in the United Kingdom and with technology all thanks to globalization. They can understand the local customer need very well despite the disparity in culture and ideologies. The immigrants are credited for some innovations witnessed in the United Kingdom over the years like the Hindoostane coffee house, shampoo and massage in the UK as early as the 19th century (Cohen, 1997). By mid-19th century Indians’ immigration flows was at around 40,000, and the number increased exponentially Due to globalization the Indians, and Pakistanis don't follow strict guidelines and culture conformities when executing their social obligations. Most Pakistanis in the United Kingdom do not wear veils whereas most Indians in the UK neither detest intermarriages nor do they pay dowry like the ones back at home. Globalization has improved the general livelihoods of immigrants, and it has enabled them access to everything about anything they may want to learn to adopt quicker (Werbner, 1989). The integration of the cultural diversities has seen increased migration flows from such countries like Pakistan to the UK. Globalization has intensified people’s freedom to share cultures and diversity. Through internet, people can appreciate other people’s cultures and respect their ideologies. Increased cultural integration has resulted in consumption of the Indian cuisine. Restaurants in the United Kingdom offer the Indian cuisine as a special diet, people pray freely, and their religions are respected by almost everybody due to cultural globalization. Cover (2010) claimed that globalization was being driven by the flow of culture outwardly and economic activities. The free practice of the Hindu religion and establishment of temples to help followers in worshipping in the UK can be attributed to globalisation. There are schools that teach Hindu and help in promoting the Indian culture in the United Kingdom. The ability to worship and practice a culture without people wondering how unique one is has brought about an increase in international migration flows and culture and heritage has always been at center stage (Ghosh, 2009) Globalization process has brought about transformation and music from India and Bangladesh is always listened in the United Kingdom despite being from a different culture. Globalization has consumed most of the musicians in the United Kingdom, and they can’t clearly prove originality in their songs. Therefore, Indians have played a vital role in trying to make the Britons understand what it feels like when one appreciates culture of others (Pries, 2001). Though cultural globalization has decreased the diversity of cultures, there has been a bad and negative impact in that the dominant culture always affects other cultures whenever introduced to countries that mostly practice local cultures. Therefore, some migration flows have been attributed to the globalization of culture in that it is diverse and always encouraging migration (Brah, 1996). People can learn other dialects with a lot of ease hence most people are multilingual and don’t feel disadvantaged whenever they want to travel abroad. Indians are very passionate about their culture and even the most civilized ones or those that have never stayed in India know how to speak Indian fluently (Ballard, 1989). They move freely and in the United Kingdom they all speak English and at the same time they speak Indian fluently they rarely get consumed by dominant cultures. Cultural openness has been as a result of an increased social phenomenon as a result of an increased need for globalization (Werbner, 1989). Conclusion In conclusion, I feel that migration is a very imperative process of globalisation. The two processes are, therefore, mutually exclusive. As implied above, globalization not only refers to the converging of national and regional economies but it also involves the integration of various societies as well as cultures (Ballard, 1989). A variety of factors including migration facilitates the process of globalisation. On the other hand, globalisation processes such as increased trade, communication in addition to transportation are the sole causes of increased migration flows experienced in the world today. Over the years, there has been an increased migration flow from South Asia to the United Kingdom. First United Kingdom is an industrialised country; the implication here is that it needs much labour for its industries in order to maximize production. Conversely, South Asia is rich in cheap labour that is readily available. Consequently, continuous flow of immigrants into the UK is due to the country’s industrialization. Despite the inequalities being depicted all over the world, migration flows to developed countries and in the case of the UK migrants mostly travel to industrialized parts in the United Kingdom like Birmingham. Secondly UK has enjoyed political stability for a long period. South Asian immigrants, therefore, prefer the UK since their security is guaranteed. Another important process of globalization that has increased migration flows to the UK from South Asian is education. A good number of South Asians have been educated in the UK. Pries (2001) contends that process of cultural integration, cannot be realized without migration that brings diverse cultures together (Pries, 2001). Globalisation as a social factor has, therefore, had a major impact on the nature of migration flows and the various processes of globalization have made the world to be a common place. It’s evident that globalization has had an impact on our economy, politics and social life, people relate more freely, and various political system have made it favourable for people to live and coexist in harmony. Thus, the processes of globalisation have had a major influence on migration from South Asia to the UK. The globalising processes transcend culture bringing about diversity and harmony among different world economies stage (Ghosh, 2009) In Halls (1991), the perils of globalization in regard to migration cannot be disregarded. Globalization has been attributed to illegal immigration process to the United Kingdom in that emigrants can forge documents and enter the UK illegally. Despite the risks posed by illegal migration, it could completely obstinate to invalidate the process of migration owing to its acclaimed benefits. Perhaps the right direction is to develop coherent policies that are suitable for migration (Werbner, 1989). There has been a global appeal of states to be involved in the migration process, and this has led to a general appeal to respect the sovereignty of a nation more so when countries want to recruit high-skilled individuals. Migration flows have brought about incidents of labour poaching as high skilled individuals are being poached by developed countries like the United Kingdom without following the due process (Willis, 2008). Globalization processes can be tremendous in our societies but if not carefully monitored and regulated then their effects will be detrimental. Therefore, it is evident enough that the migration flows are directly linked to the globalizing process, and the number of immigrants will keep on increasing each and every year (Ballard, 1989). References Ballard, R 1989. "Overseas Migration and its Consequences: the case of Pakistan" in Hamza Alavi and John Hariss (eds) The Sociology of Developing Societies: South Asia London: Macmillan. Brah , A 1996. Cartographies of diaspora; contesting identities. Routledge Castles, S and S. Miller (2009). The age of migration, (4th edition). Macmillan Cohen R, 1997. Global Diasporas;an introduction, London: UCL press. 2nd ed Castles s. 2010. 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