Syrian Refugee Crisis and the Rise of Far-Right Wing Movements in Europe - Research Paper Example

Student’s Name Instructor’s Name Subject Details Due Date Contents 1.0 Syrian Refugee Crisis and the Rise of Far-Right Wing Movements in Europe 3 2.0 Literature Review 5 3.0 Research design 10 4.0 Investigative work 13 4.1 Questionnaires 13 4.2 Administration of Questionnaires 14 4.3 The research setting 14 4.4 Sampling criteria 15 4.5 Ethical Considerations 15 4.6 Data Analysis and Discussion 15 4.7 Effect of the Syrian refugee influx into Europe on the living standards of the local citizens 16 4.8 Threat of the Syrian refugee influx into Europe on the government job market 17 4.10 Impact of migration laws and policies on the influx movement of Syrian refugees into Europe 17 4.11 Role of the EU in the cyclic influx movement of Syrian refugees into Europe 18 5.0 Conclusion 18 6.0 Works Cited 18 1.0 Syrian Refugee Crisis and the Rise of Far-Right Wing Movements in Europe The main factor that has led to the growth of far right-wing movements in Europe is the refugee crisis from Syria. Today, over 19 million people have been recorded to have fled their homes in Syria because of war (Ogier, 2016, p.8). Moreover, thousands have been recorded to be migrating to Europe on a daily basis due to wars, oppression, and persecution in Syria. This trend has caused an acute refugee problem in Europe, and as such, differences of opinions and perceptions regarding this movement have erupted. This movement is however contributed to by two issues; the overlapping web of wars in Syria and elsewhere and the politics of anti-refugee views from other countries. Being fearful and insecure of immigration effects, people in those countries with long-held but vague ideas have mainly contributed to this problem. With their questioning of national identity, they propel populist and nativist politics, and the result is the emergence of far wing right movements as the case in Europe. Obviously, Syrians are fleeing their country to seek for safety. Civilians in the country have been targeted by Assad's regime, and ISIS has imperilled them to sexual slavery, murder, crucifixion, torture and other atrocities (Park, 2015, p. 311-325). Hence, millions of them have decided to cross borders to seek for refugee in Europe. These numbers have made it difficult for European countries like Australia and Germany to overcome domestic political forces that are propelled by anti-immigration, right-wing populism and nativism policies. And here a big problem is created: immigration is making the local civilians in these countries to feel threatened, and their culture is changing first, there have been changes in composition and nature of culture and national identity, and as such, the problem has become acute within Europe. The acute refugee problem has led to the growth of anti-immigration parties and policies which are also right-wing movements due to economic duress. This research paper will explain how Syrian refugee problems propagated the development of the radical right-wing movements in Europe. This will be an important discussion for economic planners as the causes and implications of the rise of right-wing movements are of global concern. For instance, in 2015, Greece and Italy received at least 550,000 refugees from Syria (Berry, 2016, p.21). Moreover, Germany, which receives at least 1 million refugees spends roughly $13,990 for care and housing of every head. This totals to an approximate expenditure amount of $13.9 billion. As opposed to this bluster, voters who would have otherwise not supported the far right movements are manipulated thus giving the older and newer parties free permits. These far right wing movements couch their criticism of migrants frequently as ultra-nationalists in due consideration of economic pragmatism. The general economic message of these parties, with histories of policy proposals and racist comments, builds itself around a continent so much invaded with Syrian immigrants in recent years. Most xenophobic populists have attributed the rising cases of terrorism and criminology to refugee influx (Ogier, 2016, p.56).Suffice to say; there is need to conduct an investigation to reveal the truth based on evidence on whether and how the Syrian refugee problems led to the rise of these movements in Europe. This study fills the economic and political gap that has been questioned over the years regarding the galvanization of the far right parties and the rate at which they are taking space in Europe. This study will use a quantitative approach to derive evidence for claim justification. Additionally, the assumption that refugee influx in Europe from Syria has led to economic and political challenges has also been pinpointed. The study will examine the current state of far right wing parties in Europe and their possible future destination. 2.0 Literature Review This part of the study is a literature review on the issue of how far-right wing parties emerged in Europeans countries. By far, the most agreed on the argument about the evolution of right-wing movements is the refugee problem. Plenty research has been conducted on this subject over the years as will be discussed. This literature is examined concerning immigration policies and nationalist parties in Europe as a whole as well as the specific countries addressed by each piece. However much of the literature is centred on the European Union's recently joined members and the long-term ones. By maintaining focus on these two perspectives, it would be easier to understand the relatedness between Syria's refugee problems and the far-right wing parties. Tentatively, the European Union's policies can be better placed to explain how the nationalist movements emerged in Europe. Far right-wing movements in Europe started rising to popularity from the time when the free immigration was enacted. Immigration policies have been one of the toughest debates in Europe over the centuries. These immigration policies have led to the explosion of the popularity of far right-wing parties across Europe. One theory that prompts this research is the Postmaterialist Theory (Sen, 2010, p. 142). The central idea in this theory is that political change can be influenced by social factors such as immigration. Using this framework, Veugelers (2010, p. 78-100) studied the rise of far-right wing movements in France and attributed their growth to demand social rights issues such as immigration. An illustration of the National Front party is used to show how immigration laws of 1970 created the way for divergent views and perception from the nationalists. This literature is especially relevant in this study as it gives insight to one of the most prominent far-right parties. In his report, International Affairs, Janning (2005, p. 821-834) asserts that the existence of the demarcation between all the members of the European Union, both the old and the new, is a clear indication that not all member states subscribed to the supranational sanctions. Therefore, some might have been disconnected from its core coalitions and structure. In this report, the Franco-German balance of power is also mentioned. This power structure was the genesis of the fragmentations between the states which led to the disagreements in immigration laws. This assertion was immediately countered by Kriesi, Hanspeter, et al. (2006, p. 921-956) who discusses the emergence of far-right movements in Europe as a construct of ideological differences between voters. In his report, he argues that voters are affiliated to their parties depending on what they offer. By allowing refugee influx from Syria, the governments would be threatening their job markets. The hypothesis from Kriesi, Hanspeter, et al. (2006, p. 921-956) arguments is that European countries had created structural conflicts between nationalists, citizens, and governments by passing laws that would accommodate refugees that possibly led to the growth of far-right movements. Another valuable resource to this study is Sen (2010, p. 142) research on the evolution of right-wing movements in Europe. As his starting point, Sen defines the European Union as a unified liberal and human rights entity. He says that the propping of right wing parties in Europe was a result of the erosion of anti-immigrant laws that the European Union had set. He illustrates this point using the Popolo Della Liberta and the Lega Nord populist parties in France which successfully picked nationally after joining efforts in 1986. The same ideas were also examined by Janning (2005, p. 821-834) who established that issues of development and political history of a country cannot be complete without the mention of immigration policies. Significantly though, Veugelers (2010, p. 78-100) managed to shed light on the concept of "gendered politics" which was also a controversial issue in the earlier political structure. However, this theory seems logical because women are the most immediate victims of war. For instance, the war in Syria has left over women displaced from their homes to Europe (Ogier, 2016, p.56). Various researchers conducted studies in the 1960s and 1970s to determine the extent to which refugee movements into a country can affect the political and economic baseline of a particular country (Berry, 2016, p.36). For instance, a study conducted by the European Union, 2015 clearly postulated that right-wing populist movements in Europe emerged as a result of the discontent regarding a broad range of cultural, political and economic concerns (Bugaric, 2008, p. 191-203). According to the research findings, the right-wing populists have similar national specificities that define their political and cultural history. The contest for governance in early Europe was as a result of the construction of refugee crisis that emanated from the surrounding countries like Syria. The earliest investigation of the effects of war was first associated with a deteriorating political and economic set-up (Oesch, 2012, p. 10). European countries like Germany and France have been able to triumph with the help of immigration policies. In the last one decade, the far-right movements have been viewed as a collection of political ideologies that are more diversified and cohesive (Oesch, 2012, p. 15). According to Bugaric (2008, p. 203), the rise of nationalism in Europe has created a division between the urgency of respecting democratic freedom and values due to the rise of nationalistic parties and leaders that have gathered support from the common civilians when questioning the entry of refugees to European nations. In arguing this from a political science perspective, Bornschier (2010, p. 15) mentioned that the guiding principles and law are the only agents of unifying the real European identity. According to Berry (2016, p. 54), the emergence of right-wing movement has made Europe struggle with visions of the identity of which the only way out of this is to erase irreducible values of national particularities. The European internal conflict has been accelerated by the rising in numbers of people fleeing to Syria. This conflict is just but the conflict of opinion that has emerged amongst the members of the European Union. As Bugaric (2008, p. 191) argues, the Dublin agreement was a landmark of a new refugee crisis in Europe that would be characterised by the emergence of right-wing movements due to opinion differences. Blee (2007, p. 199-128) addresses the rise of far-right wing movements in Europe as from immigration and migration point of view. He argues that the electrical platforms and far-right parties' ideologies in Europe regarding refugees from Syria contributed immensely to these movements. The support of a free flow of labour in European markets by the European Union exacerbated anti-immigration feelings. In discussing the roots of state legitimacy and nationalism, these groups might have emerged when the anti-immigration laws failed to work in individual member states. The rise of far right wing movement is a topical phenomenon in Europe. Sen (2010, p. 140) has asserted that it was a consistent tendency that existed before even the Second World War. His arguments are closely related to the findings from the studies of Bugaric (2008, p. 190) which showed how nationalism was valued in ancient history. So to say, the far right movements have also been associated with the two forms of nationalism; Nazism and Fascism which also emerged across the European continent before the Second World War. Europe seemed to have learned a great lesson out of this war. This is because it came out to create a union that would sail all European countries against threats of fascism. Europe became open-minded and tolerant to the huge flow of immigrants especially from Syria was the most war torn. Park (2015, p. 321) has shown how the economic crisis that followed led to the growth of nationalism since the European Union forced its state members to accommodate and tolerate refugees. The nationalists were challenged with these sanctions, and as a result, there was a growing dissatisfaction. The fellow countrymen who had been already fed-up with this condition committed themselves to support the anti-European Union and populist parties that differentiated themselves from the common trend. This disintegration has been covered by Oesch (2012, p. 10) with the use of the question; “Do I need to pay taxes to accommodate refugees from Syria?” The far right parties would use such sentiments to challenge the nationalistic tendencies and hence win hearts easily. Hainsworth (2016, p. 342) illustrates the far right wing movements' campaign for religious freedom, equal rights, freedom of expression and gender equality which makes it easier for the average Europeans to support them. Additionally, his illustration of how the migrant workers help in reconstructing Europe is a point to consider in deciphering the evolution of right wing movements. The once minor populist parties have gained momentum and are slowly taking over Europe. For instance, there are two right-wing parties that are governing Belgium (Hainsworth, 2016, p. 340). Veugelers (2010, p. 78) mentioned that unsettling support is established amid the unseen cute refugee crisis thus creating political differences since people are obviously divided. More often than not, the local citizens find it extremely hard to understand refugee support claims from the governing regime hence resolve in supporting opponents which are automatically the far-right wing movements. Writing from the standpoint of Syria's war effects, Bornschier, 2010, p. 12-21) has mentioned that citizens of war-torn countries enter neighbouring countries with their culture and life. The hosting country has nationalists with the various definitions of nationalism. As Bornschier (2010, p. 15) argues, these nationalist will not take the responsibility of caring for the refugees because nationally, it is not their constitutional mandate. Disintegration and differences in terms of opinions and ideas lead to the creation of the extreme right, characterised by extreme nationalism, populist rhetoric, political radicalism and ideological rigidity (Bornschier, 2010, p. 18). In his terms, "the far-right movements are entirely new political animals created in a new political setting." He concludes that the divisiveness that brings about the development of far-right wing movements is as a result of the politicisation of the refugee issue. This literature takes a one-on-one approach regarding the specific policies enacted by the European Union. This elicits the role of national identity across different cultures especially that of a refugee in another country. In addressing this question, Oesch (2008, p. 349-373) explains anti-immigration as a form of cultural and economic protectionism. In defining economic protectionism, he states that voters will mostly support right wing movements because of their strong anti-immigration stands. In this manner, they have a collective view that immigrants will create competition for limited resources thus they will never enjoy their social benefits. In defining cultural protectionism, he cites the urge by the citizens to defend their national identity against foreigners. Their rejection of sharing equal rights with foreign citizens identifies the primary source of this sentiment. As seen from the literature, there is a wide range of analysis that can explain the development of far-right wing movements in Europe. Mostly though, the refugee crisis has been quoted to be the main cause. 3.0 Research design The main aim of this research is to answer the main questions as to how the Syrian refugees have impacted to the rise of the far-right wing movements in Europe. The research also aims to identify the reasons as to why the Syrian refugees are fleeing their country and their implications on the development of far- right wing movement in Europe. The study aims to explore the impact of the influx migration patterns of Syrian refugees and the attitudinal decisions of the member state concerning increasing number of refugees storming the country each and every year. The study highly seeks to identify the role of the European union on the ever increasing number of the asylum seekers flooding European nations. The dominant approach to handling the European refugee crisis depends on the policies and practices of different states as stated by Brady & Erika (2017 pg45). The research focused on the ways of reducing the European refugee crisis caused by the ever reducing migrations of the Syrian nationals who flee their country to seek better places to stay. According to Brady &Erika (2017 pg. 53), Syrian citizens mostly war victims have flooded European countries to seek refuge which has resulted in a mixed reaction by host country nationals who claim being over burdened by high tax demands required to cater for the lives of refugees. The influx movement as shown by Brady & Erika (2017 pg. 40) has led to eruption of different opinions first from European union and secondly from citizens. Some citizen feels that it is a humanitarian act to host refugees whereas others feel that this has caused a decline in economics condition and hence has affected their lives (Talhouk et al 2016 pg. 17). The European union’s motive on refugee protection and safety has been the main reason behind the influx migration patterns by Syrian refugees as stipulated by Schneider et al (2016 pg. 24). The research mainly borrowed on the theoretical reviews of the pattern of refugee’s migrations into Europe. The main theory explored here was the feminist theory. The feminist theory according to Rose & Maggie (2016 pg. 26) initiated by the school of thoughts stipulates that spread of war on destabilisation of states is caused by the insecurity state attained by having strong military personnel especially during the periods of conflict. Politics, corruption and favouritism have a close association with emergence of wars which results to the migration of millions of people to other nations (Brady & Erika 2017 pg. 39). The school of thought is formed on the assumption that war results to movement of individuals out of their countries, where most immigrants prefer moving to European countries which are perceived as peaceful and welcoming, this notion has resulted to European refugee crisis according to Hansen et al (2016 pg. 23). The feminist theory holds perceptions that event of warfare rotates around the globe and no region can be extremely free from wars. Therefore, this notion means that it is inevitable to gap the ever rising scenarios of war driven refugees. A feminist approach to international relations focuses on the collective solution to war-related problems to each and every individual and it’s not tied to the decisions posed by the policy makers (Rose & Maggie 2016 pg. 32). The occurrence of wars paints the chaotic and serious problems encountered by the refugees in the event that they flee to economies that cannot sustain the huge population of the refugees. The major issues encountered by the refugees according to Rose & Maggie (2016 pg. 30) include inadequate food, clean water and shelter. The feminist theory contends that the rise of humanitarian groups supports the refugee migration to other states, its relevance is evident because of the growth of the international refugee crisis especially in the European countries which has resulted to the far-right wing movements in countries such as Belgium and France (Schneider et al 2016 pg. 35). The theory provides a better approach to handle crisis such as the European refugee crisis through employment of various aspects such as peaceful campaigns in war tone region to eradicate social evils that push for migration of local natives from countries such as Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan into European countries as shown in the feminist theory according to Rose & Maggie (2016 pg. 12). The main terms used in this study include; i. Refugee – persons who flee from their native countries to foreign countries to escape danger and persecution as a result of wars. ii. Crisis -this is a situation or an event that endangers and threatens the lives of people. iii. Social ill -these are social problems faced by citizens during wars such as family disintegration and bullying. 4.0 Investigative work The influx movement of Syrian refugees has steered the formation of the far-right wing movements worldwide with the most dominant case in Europe. The citizens have ganged together to form the counter attack movements that have become popular even in the political platforms. These movements are commonly evident in countries such as France, Germany and Netherlands. The movements have established strong ideologies and attacks due to the rise terrorist groups in Europe such as the recent attacks in France by the ISIS militia. 4.1 Questionnaires The section employed the use of questionnaires to gather information from the target population. The researcher used semi structured open-ended questionnaires. The advantages of administering the open-ended questionnaires are that the researcher gets to know the feelings of the respondents because of varied explanations were given by respondents concerning a topic of study. The use of questionnaires suits this study because of a huge population sample that was used. Questionnaires Used i. What is your age? 18-24( ),25-35( ),36-45( ),46-55( ),55 and above( ) ii. How does the Syrian refugee influx into Europe affects the living standards of the local citizens? iii. How has the influx movement of Syrian refugees into Europe threatened the government job market? iv. How has the migration laws and policies impacted in the influx movement of Syrian refugees in Europe? v. What role has Europe union played in the cyclic influx movement of Syrian refugees in Europe? Do you support the EU laws on migration and movement of refugees? vi. In what ways have these refugee movements affected the political, economic and social baselines in the European countries? 4.2 Administration of Questionnaires The questionnaires were administered mainly through the online survey. The questionnaires were uploaded in the website and the respondents had to fill the questionnaires by logging into the website. Other questionnaires were given to the target population in their places of work and collected later by the researcher upon notification by the concerned parties. The online surveys posed a great challenge in data collection because of the ease for respondents to ignore the questions and also it was hard to draw an outline of the target population given that some respondents had busy schedules and therefore had little time to engage the internet. The questionnaires administered directly to target respondents proved successful because the researcher could forge follow-up activities and collect back the filled questionnaires. The challenge with the approach was the fact that most of the target population had busy schedules of many of them failed to pick calls when the research opted to follow the progress of the questionnaires. 4.3 The research setting This research study was mainly carried out in France, this is because the recent terrorist attacks that claimed many lives in Paris. The study area was relevant because the attack was executed by the rebellion group ISIS believed to have cropped up as a result of influx movement of refugees into the country. 4.4 Sampling criteria The study samples were collected through random stratified sampling method. The sampling method used ensured minimised sample selection bias and the total representation of all the concerned population segments. The total target population was subdivided into smaller populations and stratified random sampling done to each divided population to reach a research test groups of 50 respondents. 4.5 Ethical Considerations The goal of ethics in research is to ensure that no one is harmed or suffers adverse consequences as a result of the research activities. Thus as the research was designed, several ethical considerations were balanced including; protecting the rights of the participants or subjects, ensuring that the citizens and importantly the respondents participate in an ethically conducted and reported research, protecting the safety of the researcher and team and also ensuring that the research follows the design. The ethical consideration of research also demands that the researcher keeps all the information collected from the respondents confidential. Confidentiality of the information ensures the safety of the respondents concerning the responses they give on important issues that can be of importance to the country 4.6 Data Analysis and Discussion Respondent’s Age Group Age group Frequency Percentage (%) 18-24 8 16 25-35 13 26 36-45 17 34 46-55 8 16 55 and above 4 8 Total 50 100 The table information above shows that a large percentage of the respondents were aged between 36-45 years. The least percentage of respondents were aged above 55 years. It can, therefore, be alluded from the data collection that the middle-aged population 36-45 years plays an active role in the matter pertaining to the welfare of the country. It was important to have the highest percentage of population aged between 36-45years because of the experience gained in a matter pertaining to the influx of refugees in the country and the interest they have in the general development of a country. The population aged 50 years can be perceived to have least in interest in the matters affecting the country. Most of the respondents in this category have hit the retirement age and need to rest. They would wish to keep the circumstances the way they are and they are mostly resistant to policies that can lead to change. For instance, in this study change in the policies and laws controlling the movement of refugees. 4.7 Effect of the Syrian refugee influx into Europe on the living standards of the local citizens Most of the respondents felt that the influx of the Syrian refugees increased the cost of living as they had to compete for resources within the community. As such the respondents felt that Syrian refugee influx was negative. A few respondents, on the other hand, were of the opinion that the refugees had made living conditions better as they benefited from the local skills of the refugees. A few respondents were of the opinion that the aid given by the European Union and population increase was important in improving the economy as there was demand for products in the country. The responses show that the influx of the Syrian refugees has both negative and positive effects on the living standards of the local citizens. 4.8 Threat of the Syrian refugee influx into Europe on the government job market A better number of the respondents were of the opinion that the Syrian refugee influx was not a threat to the government job market since most of the refugees did not have enough experience to work in government slots. Furthermore, the requirements for getting a government job for the refugees are difficult compared to that of the local citizens thus making them opt for local jobs. Some respondents mentioned that the refugees who went to school had a better chance of getting government jobs especially if they studied within the country that they emigrated to. 4.10 Impact of migration laws and policies on the influx movement of Syrian refugees into Europe The laws and policies of migration protect refugees who have well-founded fear of persecution. On the basis of the Syrian crisis, several respondents felt that the migration law favoured the Syrians due to the security crisis in their country. Other respondents, however, were of the opinion that the policies were too lenient on the refugees and that this made it easy for persons with malicious intentions to get into the European countries. One respondent was of the opinion that the laws made the issue of migration more political and thus the migration depended more on political manoeuvres rather than helping the refugees. 4.11 Role of the EU in the cyclic influx movement of Syrian refugees into Europe Participants of the survey felt that the EU is a strong controller of the cyclic influx of movement in France. One respondent said, “The EU has players within its organisation who have made the movement of refugees become more political than helpful. The conflict that is within the members of the organisation has made the response to the crisis harder than it should be.” Many respondents, therefore, felt that the disagreement among the members of the EU contributed to poorer immigration help as opposed to fully assisting the refugees. Furthermore, respondents felt that smuggling of illegal substances and entry of criminals is higher than it used to be and that the EU needs to better strategize its role. 5.0 Conclusion This paper sought to research on the impact of the Syrian refugees on the far right-wing movement in France. From the literature review, it is gathered that the reception of the refugees is not friendly due to fear for safety by the locals. The survey showed that respondents had mixed reactions to the entry and presence of refugees in the country and such supported the far right-wing movement that is against the migration of Syrian refugees due to fear of national security and terrorism. The far right-wing movement has capitalised on the inability of the government and the European Union as well to control the refugee crisis and ensure security. 6.0 Works Cited Brady, Erika. 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Janning, Josef. "Leadership coalitions and change: the role of states in the European Union." International Affairs 81.4 (2005): 821-834. Kriesi, Hanspeter, et al. "Globalization and the transformation of the national political space: Six European countries compared." European Journal of Political Research 45.6 (2006): 921-956. Oesch, Daniel. "Explaining Workers' Support for Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Evidence from Austria, Belgium, France, Norway, and Switzerland." International Political Science Review 29.3 (2008): 349-373. Oesch, Daniel. "The class basis of the cleavage between the New Left and the radical right." Class politics and the radical right 31 (2012). Ogier, Richard. "Refugee crisis in Europe." Arena Magazine (Fitzroy, Vic) 141 (2016): 8. Park, Jeanne. "Europe’s migration crisis." New York: Council of Foreign Relations (2015): 311-325. Rose, Maggie. "Feminist Theory and the European Refugee Crisis." Conspectus Borealis 1.1 (2016): 9. 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