Factors Affecting the Process of Infection - Assignment Example

Immunology Insitution Response to Question Epidemiology plays a pivotal role as far as identification of definition, as well as prevention of infectious disease is concerned. As widely cited, the science of epidemiology was started following the existence of infectious diseases among people (McAllister, 2003). It is worth noting that for one to understand the nature of infectious disease, then he or she must be interested in finding out how the distribution of deseases alongside the determination of the health related states in certain human population and its application of studies in controlling human problems. Epidemiology assist in the identification of the patten presumed by a certain infection, thus assisting in the quantification of identity, a process commonly referred to as diagnosis. Response to Question 2 Factors affecting the process of infection are mounted from the stages involved in the realization of the infection. They include the presence of a biological agent upon which the infection will be mounted. Subsequently, the availability of suitablehabitatt for the proliferation of the causative are essential. Others include the presence of a path upon which the cause may exit from the host. This aligns with the available models of entry, a factor that examines the strength or the capabilities of the pre-existing models of infections. The susceptibility of the target host towards catching an infection is also critical to the success of an infection. Response to Question 3 Factors influencing the infectios diseases infection The transmission of an infection is determined or affected by several factors, amongst them the strength of the immune system of the patient, the body weight of the individual and initial infections pre-existing in the patient (McAllister, 2003). Response to Question 4 Mutualism, parasitism and Commensalism Response to Question 5 Age, Immune status, General health status, pregnancy, genetic background, nutritional status, underlying conditions, recurrent infection, demographic, social and behavioral traits Response to Question 6 Phases of Clinical Infections The stages of clinical infection are distributed into four levels, namely: Incubation period, the prodromal stage and the inversion stage and then the convalescent period. Respons to Question 7 They include: The E. colibacteria, the Staphylococcus bacteria, and the Treponema bacteria Response to Quesion 8 Microorganisms can be classified into Viruses, protozoa, Alga,e Bacteria, and Fungi. Response to Question 9 Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria Gram negative Gram positive Has a thin peptiglycan layer Does not retain the Gram stain on its surface membrane No tichoic acid chains available on the cell wall Has a thick peptiglycan layer Retains the gram stain on its surface membrane The cell wall is strengthened by tichoic acid chains Response to Question 10 Passive and active immunity Passive immunity Active immunity Acquired on the basis of heredity patterns. Examples include the transfer of antibodies from the mother to the unborn child Acquired after suffering from the antigen of interest, the body will develop antibody for the preparations of subsequent attacks in the future. This implies that this model of immunity is developed by the body. The example includes measles vaccine via immunization. Response to Question 11 Neonate and geriatric immune function Autoimmunity and alloimmunity Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Refers to the complications associated to the immune system, in terms of failure to respond to the appropriate antigens and instead attack self antigens. When the immune system is unable to respond to the appropriate system, the self cells are placed in considerable danger It results from the failure of self torelance Reffers to the immune action or responce against transplants placed in an individual. This may be best exemplified by alloreactions which seek to reject the newly placed transplants. Response to Question 12 Adult immunization schedule This refers to the immunization program for adults in order to prepare their immune system for various outbreaks of infections. The most common infection upon which adults get the respective vaccination is the flu vaccine. This vaccination program is distributed in accordance to the periodic schedule associated with the infection on reference. Response to Question 13 Antimicrobial therapy assists in reducing the possibility of acquiring an infection via the commonly acknowledged avenues. This includes the efforts if strengthening the immune system via the assimilation of boost mediation, as well as enhancement of the primary immune defense systems. Restion to Question 14 Phagocytosis Involves the assimilation of a foreign particle into an immune system cell via the establishment of projections that engrave the particle. Such particle may comprise of virus or bacterial secretions or chemicals. Response to Question 15 Acute inflammations occur slowly and in lengthened period of time as Chronic inflammations occur immediately. Response to Question 16 Plasma proteins Class contribution Albumins Contributors of the osmotic imbalances that lead to osmotic pressure. Globulins They comprise of the antibodies and other effector molecules that assist in the identification of various antigens Fibrinogen Involved in clotting of damaged blood vessels. Its failure may result into the occurrence of loopholes in the immune system. Response to Question 17 Mast cell are central to inflammatory responses given that are often involved in pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammatory complications. Response to Question 18 Phagocytosis is a process involving cell eating. Arguably, it is one type of the endocytosis. In this respect, endocytosi takes place whenever the cell goes out to take something. In this context, in Phagocytosis, the cell gets a solid. Response to Question 19 As widely cited the Neutrophils are often attracted to the given site of infection bthrough chemotaxis process. Therefore, Neutrophilis can compat infection through various ways. First, they can phagocytose, as well as digest pathogens. Second, they are able to secrete numerous antibacterial chemicals from the site of infection. This includ cathelicidin and lactoferrin. Last but not least, they can do opsinization, which entails the process of carrying out, in which the compliment makes pathogens makes it easier to phagocytose. Response to Question 20 Local manifestation of inflammation Inflammations pioneers via the occurrence of a physical bruise and the injured region experience pain. This is folloed by an increase in the temperature of the region, as the subsequent region reddens. Eventually, the region swells to mark the final stage of inflammation. Response to Question 21 ACUTE INFLAMMATION CHRONIC INFLAMMATION There is Pulse of the Injury There is pesrsistenc of injusry The Onset is often Abrubt, but well defined The Onset is Vague Thre are prominent symptoms The Symptoms are insidious and subdued There is prominent exudates and vascular effects There are Mild Tissue effects The exudates is often Neutrophilis The Exudate is often made up of macrophages and lymphocytes. Response to Question 22 Primary wound healing Secondary wound healing wound margins re-approximated shortly following an injury with little new tissue formed wound margins is not approximated. There is greater amount of some new tissue formed.The contraction of wound may occur The Wound remains open perhaps until the count of bacterial are reduced. It is then closed through sutures and then allowed to heal Wound remain closed Response to Question 23 Wound healing involves three basic steps, including Inflammation stage. The other two includes the proliferation stage and the subsequent maturation of the replacement cells. The healing process may described onto phases where there can be a primary phase and a secondary phase. The primary phase includes the first closure of the would while the re-opening of the wound in quest of eliminating re-infections. This is achieved via the ‘dressing’ sessions. The wound closes for subsequent healing. Innate inflammatory response and adaptive response Innate Inflammatory response Adaptive response It is not specific to the target (lacks specificity) It is specific to the target (exhibits specificity) Has no memory of the pathogens faced Has a memory of the faced pathogens It is always active Requires activation prior to response initiation Humoral and cell mediated immunity Humoral mediated immunity Cell mediated immunity It is localized within the extracellular matrix It is localized within the confinements of the cell Represents the primary response of the immune system Represents the secondary response of the immune system Involves antibody secretion and eventual complementation Does not involve antibody secretion or complementation but activation of macrophages and natural Killer cells Reference McAllister, L, (2003). An adult learning framework for clinical education. In Downie, C. M. & Basford, P. Mentoring in practice. London: University of Greenwich. Read More