StudentShare
Contact Us
Sign In / Sign Up for FREE
Search
Go to advanced search...
Free

Drug Trafficking in the UAE - Essay Example

Cite this document
Summary
The paper is a discussion of the current state of the drug trafficking problem in the UAE and the developments that indicate the success of the authorities in controlling and preventing the problem. The data have been sourced from the various news reports and institutional websites that comment on this topic. …
Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing
GRAB THE BEST PAPER92.3% of users find it useful
Drug Trafficking in the UAE
Read Text Preview

Extract of sample "Drug Trafficking in the UAE"

Running head: Drug Trafficking Drug Trafficking in the UAE The paper is a discussion of the current of the drug trafficking problem in the UAE and the developments that indicate the success of the authorities in controlling and preventing the problem. The data have been sourced and collated from the various news reports and institutional websites that comment on the research topic. Thereafter, the situation is analysed with the PESTEL framework as basis, and the drivers for and against the problem are integrated in a discourse on repercussions on national security. Finally, a brief commentary is provided on the measures adapted by law enforcers, and the benefits and constraints these have created that impact on UAE’s continued progress and prosperity as a nation. DRUG TRAFFICKING IN THE UAE Introduction The United Arab Emirates is one of the world’s fastest growing economies as well as tourist destinations (Emirates.org, 2007). Recently, the attraction of this region to international drug syndicates has heightened awareness by UAE authorities in addressing this danger. This brief paper shall highlight the drug trafficking problem that threatens the federation, and the measures that have been adopted within the past decade to ensure the region’s security. Concepts that will be discussed involve: drug trafficking, which includes the sales, distribution, possession with intent to distribute or sell, manufacturing, and smuggling of controlled substances (wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn); drug abuse, which involves taking a psychoactive drug or performance enhancing drug for a non-therapeutic or non-medical effect (Nutt, King, Saulsbury, & Blakemore, 2007); drug possession, or the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one’s possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise (Rasmussen & Benson, 1994); and narcotics, which are drugs that produce numbness or stupor, and are often taken for pleasure or to reduce pain; extensive use can lead to addiction (wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn). Developments in the drug trafficking problem The UAE has been lauded by the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), the UN organization that monitors anti-drug activities worldwide, for the efforts made by the federation to fight drug abuse and trafficking. Evidence of these have been documented by news articles in the media, some of the more recent and more remarkable of which are presented here: 1. The Emirati Navy, Coast Guards, and other maritime coalition forces operating in the Gulf cooperated through information exchange and maritime coalition, in the seizure of nearly 30 tonnes of hashish at sea in just four months. This is the result of regular bilateral exercises as well as systematic information exchange (Emirates News Agency, 2008). 2. The UAE provided invaluable support in the seizure of nearly 260 tonnes of hashish in a drug bust in Afghanistan. With UAE participation, the Gulf region leads the world in the matter of maritime cooperation, according to Vice Admiral Kevin Cosgriff, then Commander of the US Naval Forces Central Command (Emirates News Agency, 2008). 3. In February 2009, a major attempt to smuggle drugs into Dubai was foiled a bid to smuggle 651,000 pills of Captagon, weighing more than 104 kilograms, into the country through the Cargo Village at the Dubai International Airport. The pills, purportedly a consignment containing “sewing thread reels” in carton boxes, was being sought to be cleared by a UAE resident of Arab Nationality, purportedly as samples intended for commercial marketing. The boxes were thereafter passed through an X-ray scanner, at which time customs inspectors noticed variations in the density of the reels. This aroused their suspicions and made them decide to upon one of the packages for manual examination. It was then that they discovered a large amount of pills stored inside the cavity separating the reels bodies from the threads coiled around them (see photo) (Emirates News Agency, 17 Feb 2009). Figure 1: Drugs stored in imported sewing thread reels 4. In 2007, Dubai Customs made 792 seizures and customs offences at the Cargo Village, and about 3,654 seizures in 2008 including 57 drug smuggling attempts. Recently, the agency announced the foiling of a major attempt to smuggle heroin through the Dubai International Airport, together with other huge and quality seizures such as antiquities, diamonds, fake medicines and other contraband (Emirates News Agency, 17 Feb 2009). There have been several measures undertaken, and are sought to be undertaken, in order to enhance the UAE’s capability to address this problem in the region. One of them, aimed at supplementing current military capabilities, there is a move to acquire new aircraft, as well as to train the next generation of potential manpower to address specifically contraband drugs (UAE Interact, 2008). In another development, pursuant to the policy of cooperation and collaboration with other nations on the matter of drug trafficking, top officials from the UAE Ministry of Interior and members of the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations met in June of this year to deliberate on ways by which cooperation between the two nations can be strengthened in order to strengthen the anti-drug campaign (Emirates News Agency, 2009). Furthermore, Dubai Customs participates annually in the celebration of International Day against Drug Abuse, held on the 26th of June. Activities include a mass media campaign and distribution of leaflets to heighten public awareness and vigilance on the dangers of drug abuse, as well as to inform the public on the efforts of Dubai Customs to prevent the entry of drugs through Dubai ports. This year, the Fifth Annual Forum to Discuss Drug Issues revolved on the theme “Drugs Federal Law, Reality and Expectations. Towards a more Modernised Law” (Emirates News Agency, 28 June 2009). Also, it was determined by a study by Dr. Mustafa Al Taher that a national fund is needed by the UAE which will be dedicated to the management, treatment, and control of addiction. One of the purposes of the fund is to create a comprehensive national data base “to identify the true scale and scope of the addiction phenomenon,” said the study, entitled “Criminal Handling of Addicts: Punishment and Treatment.” In order to deter the proliferation of drug addiction, Dr. Al Taher recommended more stringent incarceration sentences for those already convicted, and that greater leverage be lent religion as the key tool for prevention and control among the populace (Emirates News Agency, 2009). Finally, among the most significant developments in the fight against drugs is the deployment of highly sensitive equipment used for the detection of narcotic substances. According to Senior Executive Director of Corporate Affairs at Dubai Customs, Abdul Rahman Al Saleh, their success at foiling drug smuggling attempts is largely due to the use of state of the art equipment and their investment in human capital. Their recently deployed customs mobile laboratory equipment is equipped with sophisticated drug detection devices, while their inspectors undergo rigid training on the latest inspection techniques to curb smuggling and fraud, with the aim of protecting the country’s borders and enhancing and supporting the flow of legitimate trade (Emirates News Agency, 17 Feb 2009). Unfortunately, while the sensitive machines have been immensely helpful, they have also created a problem that contributed to the rise in arrests for drug possession, and a controversy concerning their implementation. The controversy surrounding UAE’s strict drug laws Due to stricter UAE laws, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of drug cases. Such cases are as a matter of standard procedure referred by the airport’s Public Prosecution office to court, with drug cases nearly doubling from 392 cases in 2006 to 609 in 2007. The Dubai International Airport is the first regional airport to house specialised prosecution office, the primary offence addressed being drug smuggling. Two public prosecutors on shift basis function at the airport 24 hours a day 7 days a week in order to speed up legal procedures when a crime happens (Za’za, 2008). According to the UAE’s Health Ministry website, individuals may bring medicines into the country for their personal, medical, use, but under strict procedures which must be observed even before arriving at the country. The official website states: “Up to three months supply of a prescription item can be brought in to the country by a visitor and 12-months supply by a resident if they can produce a doctors letter or a copy of the original prescription. Narcotic items should not be brought in to the country. In exceptional cases they can be brought in to the country but only with prior permission from the director of medicine and pharmacy control who will assess the individual case. These guidelines relate to medicines brought in by an individual through an airport or border crossing and medicines arriving by post" (UAE Ministry of Health, 2009). Arrests have been made for the smallest amount of prohibited substance – for instance, British tourist Keith Brown, who was on his way to London from Ethiopia with his wife with a brief stopover in Dubai, was sentenced to four years’ imprisonment because 0.003 gram trace of cannabis was found stuck to his shoe. British resident Cat Le-Huy was carrying Melatonin jet-lag tablets, an over-the-counter drug in the United States, when he was arrested. Tracy Wilkinson, on the other hand, was held in custody for eight weeks before customs officials confirmed that the codeine she was carrying had been prescribed by her doctor for her back pains. In some instances, possession of painkillers such as codeine, and cold and flu medicines were also meted four-year prison sentences; and in another extreme case, a Swiss national is serving a four-year jail term when three poppy seeds from a bread roll he ate at Heathrow were found on his clothes (BBC News, 2008). Drivers that influence the drug trafficking problem: PESTEL Analysis Political The UAE is party and signatory to the 1988 UN Drug Convention. It is the State’s policy to cooperate with other governments, as well as the International Narcotics Control Board, in the process of identifying and arresting suspicious shipments that may be conduits for drug trafficking. Aside from this, the government is focusing on demand reduction in its domestic program. Public awareness campaigns are directed at young people in order to warn them of the insidiousness of the habit, and the establishment of rehabilitation centres for those already in the grip of drug addiction (Winslow, 2009). Economic A greater part of the illegal trafficking activities take place in the northern emirates, probably due to the sustained commercial and financial growth in the Emirate of Dubai, the location in the north of the country’s “free zones” and prominence of Dubai and Sharjah as regional centers in passenger and cargo transport, respectively. Uncorroborated statistics for 1996 show authorities handling 271 cases, resulting in the seizure of 5 tons of narcotics. This increased to 1,234 cases in 1997 when nearly 8 tons of narcotics were seized, and by June 2008 a total of 5 tons of narcotics were seized in only 74 cases. In comparison, available data regarding the Abu Dhabi emirate indicate that 55 cases were prosecuted in 1997, majority of which were for possession and use of narcotics, not for drug trafficking (Winslow, 2009). Social UAE officials believe that Muslim religious mores and severe prison sentences for those convicted of drug offences would serve as deterrents to the continued proliferation of narcotics abuse (Winslow, 2009). This conclusion has been likewise arrived at by Dr. Mustafa Al Taher, in his study of drug abuse deterrence in the UAE. Dr. Al Taher noted and strongly recommended that religion be accorded a greater leverage because it is the key tool for prevention of narcotics abuse, particularly among the impressionable youth in society (Emirates News Agency, 2009). Technological The UAE has acquired state of the art drug detection equipment and employs the most advanced modern drug investigation techniques to deter drug smuggling and abuse. Dubai’s mobile lab and check-up machines are capable of detecting as little as 0.2 grams of an illicit drug on a person’s clothing or possessions (Emirates News Agency, 28 June 2009). Environmental The UAE is not a narcotics-producing nation, and there is no evidence of drug cultivation or production anywhere in the country. However, it has emerged as a vital transhipment point for the trafficking of illegal narcotics, due mainly to its favourable geographical location proximate to the Strait of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf and its role as a “free trade” zone and regional hub for international air travel. Unofficial sources indicate that hashish, heroin, and opium that originate in Southeast and Southwest Asia are smuggled in cargo containers, small vessels, and trucks coming overland from Oman are reaching the U.S. in increasing volume (Winslow, 2009). Furthermore, its ideal location makes it the transit point to disguise the final destination of chemicals that are used in illegal drug manufacture in other countries, most especially heroin manufacture in Afghanistan. The UAE government is aware that the chemicals appear to originate in China, India and Europe (Winslow, 2009). Law According to the Australian Government’s Travel Advice (2009), the UAE has a zero tolerance towards illegal drugs, penalties for which include the death sentence or life imprisonment. It also comes with the advice that medications that would normally be bought over the counter or by prescription in Australia may be illegal in the UAE (smartraveller.gov.au, 2009). Likewise, the US Department of State travel advisory states that violent crimes in the UAE, while they do occur, are rare because of the country’s strict criminal law enforcement and penalties that may appear harsh by US standards. The country’s crime rate is considered extremely low among most industrialized countries (US Dept. of State, 2009). Possession of the smallest amount of illegal drugs is punishable by a minimum prison term of four years (UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office, 2009). The bringing in of personal medications by sojourners is possible, but only with the necessary prior permit or documented recommendation by the physician of the necessity of taking the medication (UAE Ministry of Health, 2009). It has been speculated that the inadequacy of money laundering legislation is a source of vulnerability for the UAE, and has made it a target by narcotics traffickers and organized criminal syndicates for money laundering (Winslow, 2009). While a law was passed against money laundering activities in January 2002, despite government efforts, informal banking remains unregulated (The CIA World Factbook, 2009). National security and the problem of drug trafficking In 2006, President H. H. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan created by federal law a Higher National Security Council, the objective of which is to ensure comprehensive and continued federation security in the nation’s economic, social, cultural and environmental governance. The council is chaired by the UAE President, and vice-chaired by the UAE Vice President and Prime Minister. The council shall determine the federation’s security policies, including draft legislation to support the national security strategic plan, directing the various state security organs in improving their respective national security strategies, and to enhance coordination among them, thus boosting their capabilities to manage any crisis or disaster Emirates News Agency, 2006). Sometime, in 2007, the National Crisis and Emergency Management Authority (NCEMA) was created. It was conceived as a vital instrument in the federal strategy to bolster the country’s security (Emirates News Agency, 10 Feb 2009). Since its creation, the NCEMA had engaged in activities that actively promoted awareness and dialogue in national security issues affecting the federation. In 2009 it held the first regional Crisis and Emergency Management Conference (CEMC), under the auspices of H.H. General Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu. In 2010, it plans to hold the second annual CEMS in January in Abu Dhabi (AMEinfo.com, 9 December 2009). These and other efforts of the United Arab Emirates to coordinate and initiate new collaborative efforts among its member emirates are instrumental in advancing and understanding of the drug trafficking problem, and in hopefully providing favourable solutions thereto. The UAE, it must be recalled, is not a single nation but a federation of seven emirates that have their own governments and their own responses to the problem of drug trafficking. This is because they are affected in different ways and different degrees by the problem of illicit narcotics. Thus, the institution of the Higher National Security Council, as well as the National Crisis Emergency Management Authority, are crucial developments in enhancing and unifying the efforts of the individual emirates not only concerning the drug problem, but also all other issues that bear on national security. Another important issue on the matter of drug trafficking and control is the increasing strict law being implemented on drug possession by foreigners and sojourners into Dubai. Admittedly, most Arab cultures as well as countries such as Singapore are known have laws mandating severe penalties for possession of prohibited substances. The reaction concerning Dubai laws, however, is not only the strict regulations but also the extremely tiny substances, in some cases trace evidence, of the substances found, and in many cases the nature of the substance. Those medications in other countries that are considered regular medication or over-the-counter medicines may be banned substances in Dubai. And, in the case of Keith Brown with the 0.003 gram cannabis in the thread of his shoe, or the Swiss national with the three poppy seeds that fell from his bread roll onto his clothing, the penalty could appear draconian for the circumstances of the alleged offence. It is seen from such incidences that while the extremely sensitive machines may be of great help in apprehending real perpetrators, it may have enabled the detection of substances under circumstances not originally contemplated by the law. As Dubai and the rest of the UAE gears up for more tourist arrivals and accelerated volume of business with foreign entities, the stricter implementation of present laws may spawn a rise in arrests and convictions of the sort presented, and cause undue friction between the federation and other nations. It may therefore be apropos that legislation may be adapted in order to fine-tune implementation of local laws to the recent technological developments. Conclusion Drug addiction is a real threat to the well-being of generations to come, in every nation of the world. Organized drug syndicates have become increasingly sophisticated in finding ways to ply their trade because of the hundreds of millions of dollars it is capable of generating throughout the world. The UAE is in a precarious situation, because of its economic progress and geographic location, to be attacked by this threat. It is thus creditable to the vigilance and ingenuity of the country’s leadership and crimefighting agencies that the country’s drug problems are kept at a very low level. On the other hand, UAE is faced with increasing international criticism concerning the unintended effects of its strict laws. Hopefully, a solution could be arrived at concerning this dilemma, to serve UAE’s economic progress without compromising its national security. [Wordcount = 3,000 excluding title page, abstract and title] REFERENCES Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2009). Travel Advice. Retrieved 18 December 2009 from http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/Advice/United_arab_emirates AMEinfo.com. (2009) NCEMA forum to highlight best practices in crisis and emergency management. 9 December 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009 from http://www.ameinfo.com/218290.html BBC News. (2008). Tourists warned of UAE drug laws. 8 February 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2009 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7234786.stm CIA World Factbook (2009). Middle East: United Arab Emirates. 30 November 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html Emirates News Agency, WAM. (2006) President Issues Law to Set Up Higher National Security Council. UAE Interact. 14 June 2006. Retrieved 18 December 2009 from http://uaeinteract.com/docs/President_issues_law_to_set_up_Higher_National_Security_Council/21201.htm Emirates News Agency, WAM. (2008) UAE Lauded for Crackdown on Drug-Trafficking. UAE Interact. Retrieved 18 December 2009 from http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/UAE_lauded_for_crackdown_on_drug-trafficking/30849.htm Emirates News Agency, WAM. (2009) UAE Needs Fund for Treatment and Control of Addiction: Police Study. UAE Interact. 11 October 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009 from http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/UAE_needs_fund_for_treatment_and_control_of_addiction_Police_study/37936.htm Emirates News Agency, WAM. (2009) Bold steps urged to enhance security. UAE Interact. 10 February 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009 from http://uaeinteract.com/docs/Bold_steps_urged_to_enhance_security/34210.htm Emirates News Agency, WAM. (2009) Dubai Customs Aborts Bid to Smuggle 651,000 pills of Captagon. UAE Interact. 17 February 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009 from http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/Dubai_Customs_aborts_bid_to_smuggle_651,000_pills_of_Captagon/34310.htm Emirates News Agency, WAM. (2009) Dubai Customs celebrates International Day against Drug Abuse. UAE Interact. 28 June 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009 from http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/Dubai_Customs_celebrates_International_Day_against_Drug_Abuse/36494.htm Emirates.org (2007) United Arab Emirates. Retrieved 18 December 2009 from http://www.emirates.org/. Nutt, D., King, L.A., Saulsbury, W., Blakemore, C. (2007). Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lancet vol. 369, no. 9566, pp. 1047–53. March. Rasmussen, D. W. & Benson, B. (1994). The Economic Anatomy of a Drug War. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0847679101 UAE Ministry of Health Website (2009). Retrieved 18 December 2009 from http://www.moh.gov.ae/en/SearchResult.aspx U.K. Foreign & Commonwealth Office (2009). Travel and Living Abroad: United Arab Emirates, 14 October 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009 from http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/middle-east-north-africa/united-arab-emirates U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs (2009). United Arab Emirates: Country Specific Information. Retrieved 18 December 2009 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html Winslow, R. (2009) United Arab Emirates. A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World. San Diego University. Retrieved 18 December 2009 from http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/asia_pacific/uae.html Wordnet. (2009) Retrieved 18 December 2009 from wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn Za’za, B. (2008) Missions must warn their citizens about UAE’s strict drug laws, says prosecutor. Gulfnews, 4 March 2008. Read More
Cite this document
  • APA
  • MLA
  • CHICAGO
(“Drug Trafficking in the UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words”, n.d.)
Drug Trafficking in the UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words. Retrieved from https://studentshare.org/miscellaneous/1561323-drug-trafficking-in-the-uae
(Drug Trafficking in the UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 Words)
Drug Trafficking in the UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 Words. https://studentshare.org/miscellaneous/1561323-drug-trafficking-in-the-uae.
“Drug Trafficking in the UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 Words”, n.d. https://studentshare.org/miscellaneous/1561323-drug-trafficking-in-the-uae.
  • Cited: 0 times

CHECK THESE SAMPLES OF Drug Trafficking in the UAE

Negative Side Impacts of Foreign Workers in the UAE

20th November 2013 Negative side impacts of foreign workers in uae United Arab Emirates is a country that is located in the Middle East of Arab countries and it borders the gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf.... United Arab emirate (uae) is known for high and rising oil prices and good economic growth in the market.... This gives other states challenges since with a growth of 10%; it indicates uae is going to offer stiff competition in the international market....
7 Pages (1750 words) Essay

Femail Trafficking Who Are Trafficked for Sexual Exploitation

United Nations Convention… ainst Transnational Organized Crime describes human trafficking as, “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception” (United Nations, pp.... 42, As all such extreme crimes, the incidence of human trafficking is significantly high in the world, in both developed and developing countries.... Human trafficking also includes the abduction of people and making them work under false promises of money, employment or other such benefits....
14 Pages (3500 words) Research Paper

International, Global, and Domestic Business

Moreover, DAE is merged with four separate drug law enforcement organizations with the primary objective of minimizing supplies of unlawful drugs entering the country from abroad or produced domestically… The drug enforcement agency (DAE) is established to control laws and regulations applicable in the United States along with investigating non-complaint organizations and employees associated or involved in a manufacturing and distribution of Likewise, DAE ensures that associated employees and organizations do not gain financial benefit by performing illegal acts and property that is utilized in the process....
5 Pages (1250 words) Coursework

Sociology of Crime: Abu Dhabi Organizaed Crime

Organized crime may engage in one or multiple criminal activities like prostitution and human trafficking, cybercrime, pornography, drugs, financial scams, money laundering, murder, etc.... This paper intends to explain the organized crime in Abu Dhabi in the light of the Classical and Conflict School of Criminology....
12 Pages (3000 words) Research Proposal

Human Trafficking and the UAE

To identify the current extent of human trafficking in the uae and emerging trends.... Collection of data and trends in human trafficking in the uae, the Arabian Peninsula and beyond.... Human trafficking is defined in the uae as “recruiting, transporting, moving or receiving persons by means of threat or use of force, or by any other means of coercion, kidnap, fraud, deceit, abuse of power, exploiting a condition of weakness, offering or receiving money or… 1)....
2 Pages (500 words) Thesis

Drug trafficking analysis in UAE

In 2004, it took US$3 million to set up a sub-office on drugs and crime in the uae.... drug trafficking is rooted in the world economy.... This amount is estimated to be double that of the automobile industry (Scott, 2005) Ports are the most notorious places and foremost hotspots and avenues of drug trafficking due to the voluminous imports received daily, with Small scale dealers mostly caught at airports.... The commonly used tactic of drug trafficking continues to be through the internal human body carriage....
5 Pages (1250 words) Thesis Proposal

Sex Trafficking

The purpose of the essay 'Sex trafficking' is to analyze the concept of sex trafficking and highlight the major effects of sex trafficking, i.... hellip; As the world honored 25th November as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) drew attention towards growing sex trafficking and consequently, increasing rate of violence, sexual diseases, and other physical and socio-psychological health issues associated with it across the world....
6 Pages (1500 words) Essay

Special Issues Relating to Drug Use by Children

Globally, drug and substance abuse started thousands of years ago IntroductionDrug abuse refers to the use of both licit and illicit substances both natural and synthetic to alter the thoughts, behavior and feelings of an individual (UNDCP, 1997).... Globally, drug and substance abuse started thousands of years ago with marijuana, alcohol, heroin, cocaine and tobacco being the commonly used substances.... People of all ages ranging from children to adolescents to adults find themselves entangled in this dangerous web of drug and substance abuse....
10 Pages (2500 words) Essay
sponsored ads
We use cookies to create the best experience for you. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies.
Contact Us