What is Music Therapy and How Does It Work - Literature review Example

Music Therapy xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Name xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Course xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Instructor xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Date Introduction Music has been recognized to have healing effect and therefore it is said to be important as it was noted by Locsin in the 1900s. Many researches have been conducted to determine whether music therapy is a viable option to offer positive therapeutic change in aged. It has been depicted that, music can act as a nursing intervention to relieve pain and increase the comfort of people for is non-invasive, painless and cost-effective. It is noted that, music can evoke psychological responses in the listener via vibration influences and the limbic system, the centre of emotions, feeling and sensation and thus can effectively manage pain. There is therefore I need to determine how effective music therapy can be in bringing therapeutic change in aged care residents. From many literatures, it is clear that music therapy has been recognized to have positive results when used together with other therapies used in nursing and healthcare. Literature review According to Short (2007, p 40), aged people required adequate relaxation to manage all this issues and the use of relaxation focused music and imagery are successful means of achieving the same. With the old, quite a vast number of psychosocial issues are known factors in a wide range of diseases and problems which affect the elderly. This for instance include depression which is correlated to pain, sleep disorders, grief and loss, prost traumatic stress and even dementia (Short 2007, P 40). According to Knight and Wiese, (2011, p 200), music therapists have for a long time been working alongside nursing professionals in hospitals and skilled nursing facilities; For instance, research has noted that, there is tremendous effect of music on agitated behavior in older people with have dementia. This literature stated that when music therapy is used, there is a reduction of some types of behavior after listening to preferred music. According to Skingle and Burrows (2010, p, 37), it is exonerated that, the use of preferred music has the potential to provide a therapeutic approach to the care of old people. In aged care residents, there are chances that they participants may retreat from quite a number of physical activities and this may result to a deterioration of their health. Researchers believe that, non pharmacological interventions are the best suited in increasing physical and cognitive functioning and this is only possible through music therapy. It must however include communication and movement. According to Nauert and Johnson (2011, p 94), one type of psychosocial activity to improve depression and cognitive impairment include the use of dance movement therapy and music therapy. This therefore means that, music therapy when used in the aged residents is a positive therapeutic option and intervention. Additionally, music therapy maintains and improves active involvement, emotional functioning and cognitive skills of an individual. Reminiscence music has been declared as a method to relieve depression symptoms in elderly people with dementia. In some residential cases, reminiscence music sessions are said to provide older adults diagnosed with other form of dementia an opportunity for social interactions and a means of improving image (p, 95). Research depict that, music has positive effects to the aged, and especially those who are ailing. From literature by Leow, Drury and Poon (2010, p 346), it is clear that music therapy provides distraction for the participant and takes their minds away from their physical and emotional pain when they are listening to the music. There is also evidence that, imagery also brings about destructions which also positively affects the participants. Additionally, music is said to bring a connection to the past. Music therapy brings comfort to the aged by giving them peace, relaxation and motivation to live. This is achieved by the notion that, music therapy has the ability to form the connection with the inner being of the participants. This is achieved through the arousal from the attraction to the sound of the instrument, which elicited feelings of connectedness (Leow, Drury & Poon 2010, p 347). It has been proven that, music therapy reduces physiological signs of anxiety and this is according to Korhan, Khorshid and Uyar ( 2010, p 1031). In the same literature, music intervention is said to help decrease the levels of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pleasure and respiratory rate and this means when used in aged care residents, positive results are going to be realized. Music therapy is beneficial to the ventilator dependent aged. Music is said to have the ability to be used as a therapeutic tool for lowering respiratory rate and blood pressure. It can be used to manage anxiety without the risk of any side effects. This being the case, music intervention with a tempo of 60-80 beats per minutes to induce relaxation for short term benefit is highly recommended to nurses for its effectiveness (Korhan, Khorshid & Uyar 2010, p 1032). Music communicate information to the brain that on the other hand affects recovery of function, development and even aesthetic engagement (Hurkmans et al 2012, p, 2). This therefore means that, there is much connection of positive therapeutic interventions with music therapy. Michael (2005, p 304) stated that, music written in the time code of rhythm, having sound patterns in time, stimulates the oscillatory synchronization codes of neural information processing in the brain, and therefore it is a very strong stimulus to communicate sensory and cognitive perceptual information to the brain. Additionally, sound is said to have the capability of arousing and exiting the spinal motor neurons medicated by auditory motor connections at the brain stem and spinal cord level (Michael 2005, p 305). This effect then sets the motor system in the brain in a state of readiness, facilitating the execution of movement. This in other words means that, those with neurological movement disorder can benefit from music therapy in retaining their motor functions. Literature connote that, when used as a therapeutic intervention to the aged, music is effective in positively affecting physiological stress parameters such as pulse rate, blood pressure, respiration, galvanic skin resistance and electroencephalography, as it is well articulated by Nesic and others (2012, p 1787 ). They also clearly noted that, music reduce stress hormones, ACTH and Cortisone and increase the emotional neurohormone, beta endorphin, which act as a protection mechanism against emotional excitation (Nesic et al 2012, p 1788 ). In p 1793, literature confirms that, music is used with a therapeutic relationship to address individuals’ physical, emotional, cognitive and social needs and therefore it can be effective in aged care residents. This is due to that fact that, music maintains social bonds, the need for communication and the need to share and express emotions. In other words, making music presupposes making contact with other individuals helps engage social cognition and increases social cohesion of a group and the inter individual emotional state becomes more homogenous (Nesic et al 2012, p 1793 ). Music increases the mood of individuals and encourages further development for the treatment of effective disorders incapacitating depression (JBI, 2011, p, 726) In a review by Koelsch (2009, p 374), music can automatically capture attention and this on the other hand distracts attention from stimuli prone to certain negative experiences like pain, anxiety, worry and sadness. Additionally, music is very powerful in such a way that it evokes and modulates emotions and therefore music therapy can be used as a treatment for disorder related to dysfunctions and dysbalances within the human system (Koelsch 2009, p 375). Some other literature depict that, listening to music can increase physical functioning through an increase in motivation to exercise such as having a long distance walk. This is based on the mechanism of entertainment, movement entrain or even become synchronized and develop rhythm. Music is actually said to have a perpetual and physiological attributes that control and influences movement this is in accordance to Lee, Chan & Mok (2010, p 2678). Literature also acknowledge that, music therapy is an effective and promising approach to engaging patients in a group treatment for it is a flexible and enjoyable approach to learning for it accommodates all people regardless of their age (Dingle, Gleadhill, & Baker, 2008, p 195). Horne- Thompson and Grocke (2008 p, 583) stated that, recorded music has been an effective way in managing anxiety for patients before, during and after undergoing any surgery. This may also prove effective when it comes to the aged care residents cases. Vannie Ip-Winfield and Denise Grocke (2011, p 66) depict that music therapy provided by a qualified music therapist who engages with the aged in live experiences including, singing, songwriting, improvisation and receptive methods and have been noted to be effective in the management of symptomatic issues within a palliative care. They also address the physical, emotional and spiritual needs of an individual (Horne- Thompson & Grocke 2008 p, 583) Conclusion Music therapy has attracted quite a number of researches and it has been seen to be a viable option to effective and positive therapeutic practice to individuals and it can be said to be a viable option to effect positive therapeutic change in aged care residents. This is attributed to the fact that, it automatically captures attention which in the long run distracts attention from stimuli prone certain negative experiences like pain, anxiety, worry and sadness which is common with the aged. Additionally, it encourages and motivates and individual to have some physical activity and this is of great help to the quality of life of the aged. Music improves the life of the aged for it can induce relaxation and distraction responses and this decreases physiological state and enhances emotional state of an individual. In the aged acre residents, music therapy should be given a higher priority for it is said to improve the quality of life of the individuals and makes them relax and not focus on their state. Bibliography Andrew J. Knight and Nikki Wiese. (2011). Therapeutic Music and Nursing in Poststroke Rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Nursing • Vol. 36, No. 5 • , 200-215. Anne Horne- Thompson and Denise grocke. (2008). The Effect of Music Therapy on Anxiety in Patients who are Terminally Ill. Journal of Palliative Medicine , 582-590. CEsra Akin Korhan, Leyla Khorshid and Mehmet Uyar. (2010). The effect of music therapy on physiological signs of anxiety in patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, , 1026–1034. Genevieve A. Dingle, Libby Gleadhill, & Felicity A. Baker. ( 2008). Can music therapy engage patients in group cognitive behaviour therapy for substance abuse treatment? Drug and Alcohol Review, 27, , 190 – 196. Institute, J. B. (2011). REVIEW SUMMARIES: EVIDENCE FOR NURSING PRACTICE. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING , 722-727. Joost Hurkmans, Madeleen de Bruijn, Anne M. Boonstra, Roel Jonkers, Roelien Bastiaanse, Hans Arendzen, and Heleen A. Reinders-Messelink. ( 2012). Music in the treatment of neurological language and speech disorders: A systematic review. APHASIOLOGY, 26 (1), , 1–19. Michael, H. T. (2005.). The Future of Music in Therapy and Medicine. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1060: , 303–308 . Milkica Nesic', Svetlana Cicevic-, Mihailo Antovic\ Vladimir Nesic'', Suzana Brankovic', Gordana Manic^. (2012). Neuroscience of music and musicotherapy. Journal of Society for development in new net environment in B&H , 1786-1796. Qi He Mabel Leow, Vicki Blair Drury, Wing Hong Poon. ( 2010). A qualitative exploration of patients’ experiences of music therapy in an inpatient hospice in Singapore. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, Vol 16, No 7 , 344-349. Richard Nauert and Peggy Johnson. (2011). Adaptive Music/Dance Therapy: An Activity to Improve Quality of Life in Long Term Care Settings. The International Journal of Health, Wellness and Society , 91-106. Short, A. (2007). Theme and variations on quietness:Relaxation–focused music and imagery in aged care. Australian Journal of Music Therapy , 39-50. Skingley A and Vella-Burrows T. (2010). Therapeutic effects of music and singing for older people. Nursing Standard. 24, 19, , 35-41. Stefan Koelsch. (2009). A Neuroscientific Perspective on Music Therapy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 374–384. Vannie Ip-Winfield and Denise Grocke. (2011). Group Music Therapy Methods in Cross Cultural Aged Care Practice in Australia. Australian Journal of Music Therapy Volume 22 , 59-77. Yin Yi Lee, Moon Fai Chan & Esther Mok. (2010). Effectiveness of music intervention on the quality of life of older people. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(12), , 2677– 2687. Read More