The Basic Thing about Cone Calorimeter - Lab Report Example

Contents Contents 1 Abstract 2 Introduction 2 Aim 2 Objective 2 Background 3 Result/Discussion and analysis 3 Result of the experiment with the blue carpet samples 3 Result of the experiment with the green carpet samples 5 Result of the underlay samples 6 Method and Materials 8 Conclusion 8 Recommendation 9 Reference 10 Abstract A cone calorimeter will be used to burn samples of various materials and gather information about combustion products, and other parameters associated with combustion. The cone calorimeter will be used to determine the following five properties namely rate of heat release per unit area, cumulative heat released, effective heat of combustion, and time to ignition, mass loss rate and total mass loss. Cone calorimeter can be attributed to a fire test instrument that will be employing the principle of oxygen combustion calorimeter. (Babushkas V and Peacock R.d, 1992)The net heat combustion of the material can be attributed directly to the amount of oxygen that has been consumed. Introduction Aim The aim of the test is to find out the values that will be recorded when oxygen is limited, when temperature is increased, and many other factors. The materials that will be used will be classified into three segments namely blue carpet, green carpet and so on. Objective The main objective of the study is to get the results under various parameters like Sample of mass, Surface Area, Thickness, Heat flux of the experiment, Time of the test, Total heat evolved, Total amount of the oxygen consumed, Smoke released, Mass loss during the experiment, Specific mass loss rate, Average heat release rate, Effective heat of combustion, Mass loss, Specific extinction area, Carbon monoxide yield, and Carbon dioxide yield. The test will be done under four parts like First blue carpet ,Second blue carpet, Third blue carpet, Fourth blue carpet, First green carpet, Second green carpet, Third green carpet, Fourth green carpet, First sample underlay ,Second sample underlay, Third sample underlay and Fourth sample underlay. After each part like the blue part, green part and the underlay part, the report will be discussed. Background The basic thing about cone calorimeter has to be understood. The use of durable and environmentally friendly flame retardants has been gaining importance in several industries like textiles and plastics. There has been increasing environmental and health concern with increasing flame and there has been an effort to find out the alternatives to the case of suppressing flame and there has been an effort to increase the durability and cost of the materials. There has been an increased awareness to protect the durability and other factors that has been surrounding it. Result/Discussion and analysis Result of the experiment with the blue carpet samples The sample of the mass was 21.96 and the surface area was 100 cm2 and the thickness was 8 mm.The results of the test that lasted 481 seconds was like this The sample mass has been varied with the surface area and thickness remaining the same. The heat flux of the experiment was increased in all experiments. The time of the test was varied. The total heat that was evolved was varied. The total amount of the oxygen consumed was varied. The total oxygen consumed was comparable. The amount of the oxygen consumed was less in the second blue carpet. The use of the second and third rate experiment has shown that average values for heat loss rate, mass loss rate, and specific extinction area has been smaller. The low 45 heat release recorded was probably due to increased time of test. The carbon monoxide has been low for 35 and 55 and that meant second and fourth blue carpet test. The second and third blue carpet test has shown that carbon monoxide yield has been slow. The small sample weight that has been used would have changed the value of average specific mass loss.( Blomquist P and Rossell L,2004) Parameters tested First blue carpet Second blue carpet Third blue carpet Fourth blue carpet Sample of mass 21.96g 17.63g 24g 27.7g Surface Area 100 cm2 100 cm2 100 cm2 100 cm2 Thickness 8 Mm 8 Mm 8 Mm 8 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 25Kw/m2 35Kw/m2 45Kw/m2 55Kw/m2 Time of the test 481Seconds 378Seconds 715Seconds 458Seconds Total heat evolved 45.5MJ/m2 34.9 MJ/m2 39.4 MJ/m2 38.8 MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 31.8g 24.7g 27.5g 27.4g Smoke released 651M2m2 474M2m2 449.4M2m2 736.3M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 12.1g 13.2g 12.4g 13.2g Specific mass loss rate 2.79g/ms2 5.9g/ms2 1.82g/ms2 3g/ms2 Average heat release rate 108.79Kw/m2 103.45Kw/m2 57.32Kw/m2 87.95Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 38.66MJ/Kg 20.88MJ/Kg 31.44MJ/Kg 28.83MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .028 g/sec .051 g/sec .018 g/sec .030 g/sec Specific extinction area 494.81 m2/kg 494.81 m2/kg 150.12 m2/kg 506 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0194 kg/kg 0.0149 kg/kg 0.0126 kg/kg 0.0170 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 2.04 kg/kg 1.21 kg/kg 1.68 kg/kg 1.65 kg/kg Result of the experiment with the green carpet samples The second green carpet has been showing that there was no value and this can be seen as time of the test, total heat, total amount of the oxygen, smoke released, mass loss during the experiment, specific loss rate, average heat release rate, effective heat of the combustion, mass loss rate, specifc extinction area, carbon monoxide yield and carbon dioxide yield has been showing zero values. The third green carpet has been showing that the values has been negative and it has meant that total amount of oxygen that has been consumed and it is easy to compare the first green carpet and fourth green carpet. The sample of the mass has been on decreasing and total heat that has evolved has been showing variable values. The amount of the smoke released has been increasing in the fourth green carpet and in the third green carpet it has been higher. The average heat release rate has been higher on the third green carpet. The smoke released has been on the higher side in the fourth green carpet. Parameters tested First green carpet Second green carpet Third green carpet Fourth green carpet Sample of mass 13.68 g 12.95g 12.65g 12.17g Surface Area 100 cm2 100 cm2 100 cm2 100 cm2 Thickness 5.50 Mm 5.50 Mm 5.50 Mm 5.50 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 25Kw/m2 35Kw/m2 45Kw/m2 50Kw/m2 Time of the test 495 Seconds 0Seconds 265Seconds 460Seconds Total heat evolved 25.9MJ/m2 0.0 MJ/m2 309.7 MJ/m2 28.2 MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 18.6g 0 g -1174.7 g 20.0g Smoke released 393.9M2m2 0M2m2 486.2M2m2 517.9M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 9g 0.0 g 8.1g 9.6g Specific mass loss rate 2.45g/ms2 0.0g/ms2 3.25g/ms2 2.11g/ms2 Average heat release rate 57.53Kw/m2 0.0Kw/m2 1237.76Kw/m2 62.30Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 23.10MJ/Kg 0.0MJ/Kg 380.66MJ/Kg 29.21MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .025 g/sec .000 g/sec .033 g/sec .021 g/sec Specific extinction area 131.71 m2/kg 0.00 m2/kg 549.70 m2/kg 423.16 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0140 kg/kg 0.0000 kg/kg 0.0239 kg/kg 0.0239 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 1.52 kg/kg 0.00 kg/kg 1.90 kg/kg 1.68 kg/kg Result of the underlay samples The sample of the mass that has been tested has been high on the first sample underlay with second sample underlay recording the lowest. The third sample underlay has seen that there has been a slight increase of sample mass when compared with third sample overlay. The fourth sample overlay has seen that there has been a decrease of sample mass. The surface area has been same throughout the same level. The thickness has been same throughout. The heat flux of the experiment has been decreasing throughout the experiment. The time of the test has been on varied and the total heat that has been evolving has been different. The total amount of oxygen consumed has been different and the smoke released has been on decreasing. The average heat release rate has been highest on the second sample underlay. The carbon dioxide yield has been highest on the third sample overlay. Parameters tested First sample underlay Second sample underlay Third sample underlay Fourth sample underlay Sample of mass 16.05 g 10.46 g 12.12g 11.68 g Surface Area 100 cm2 100 cm2 100 cm2 100 cm2 Thickness 10 Mm 10 Mm 10 Mm 10 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 55Kw/m2 45Kw/m2 35Kw/m2 25Kw/m2 Time of the test 240 Seconds 139 Seconds 303Seconds 225Seconds Total heat evolved 23.6MJ/m2 16.2MJ/m2 18.3 MJ/m2 16.3 MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 17.4 g 12.0 g 13.4g 11.9g Smoke released 553.6M2m2 416.6M2m2 305.7M2m2 291.0M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 58.4g 12.0g 9.3g 12.4g Specific mass loss rate 21.93g/ms2 8.63g/ms2 3.15g/ms2 6.85g/ms2 Average heat release rate 99.55Kw/m2 118.71Kw/m2 61.44Kw/m2 74.94Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 4.48MJ/Kg 13.66MJ/Kg 19.49MJ/Kg 10.69MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .219 g/sec .086 g/sec .031 g/sec .069 g/sec Specific extinction area 102.46m2/kg 338.71 m2/kg 221.93 m2/kg 154.90 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0093 kg/kg 0.0291 kg/kg 0.0269 kg/kg 0.0125 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 0.33 kg/kg 1.04 kg/kg 1.40 kg/kg 0.79 kg/kg Method and Materials The equipment that has been used has been cone calorimeter. The reason for using cone calorimeter has been that it has been able to provide data that is needed for state-of-the art fire models, to predict real –scale fire behavior by getting simple formula and correlations, it has been able to rank products by performance, and it has been able to pass a product according to criterion level. Conclusion The sample size and time were different for different materials used in the study, (Schartel, Knoll, 2005) it was difficult to compare the various properties of the three materials used and it can be concluded that total oxygen that has been consumed, has been higher on the blue carpet and that has meant that a value of 31.8 has been recorded as the highest. (Simoson, Bliss, 2004) The average heat release rate has been higher on the green carpet rate and smoke released has been on higher side on the blue carpet and that means when it has been compared with other two values. Carbon dioxide yield has been on the higher side on the blue carpet and carbon monoxide yield has been on the higher side in the sample overlay. The specific extinction area has been on the higher side on the green carpet and the value that has been recorded has been 549.70.The mass loss rate has been on the higher side on the sample overlay and it has been shown that a figure of .219 g/s.The effective heat of combustion has been higher on the green carpet area and it has been showing value of 380.66.The average heat release rate has been seen or showing higher value in the green carpet area. The specific mass loss rate has been shown as higher in the green carpet area and that has been 21.93. The mass loss rate during the experiment has been on the higher side on the first sample overlay. The figure that has been shown as 58.4.The surface area has been same during the three parts of the study that has been covered on the blue carpet, green carpet and on the sample overlay. The thickness that has been on the blue carpet, green carpet and the sample overlay has been different. It has been seen that there has been varied values like 10, 5.50 and 8 when it comes to thickness. The heat flux of the experiment has been on the higher side when it has been used in first sample overlay and the value was 55 Recommendation There has been a large amount of research study that has been done using green carpet, blue carpet and sample overlay. There will be more study that has to be done by trying to make many parameters same like the thickness and that can make the comparison of values easier. The utility of the tool has to be understood in detail and the research data can be made more comprehensive and more successful and more widely used. Reference Babushkas V and Peacock R.d, 1992,”Heat release rate the single most important variable in fire hazard”, Fire safety journal, Vol.18, pp.255-272. Blomquist P and Rossell L,2004,”Simonson M.emissions from fires part 1,fire retarded and non fire retarded TV-sets”,Fire Technology,Vol 40,Pp.39-58. Schartel,Knoll,2005,”Some comments on the use of cone calorimeter data”,Polymer degradation and stability,Vol 88,pp.540-547 Simoson,Bliss,2004,”Fire performance of selected iT equipment”,Fire technology,Vol 40,pp.27-37. Read More