Design, Implement and Test a Timer - Coursework Example

Design, Implement, and Test a Timer Introduction Objectives The experiment was performed under numerous objectives such as; i. Making an amplifier ii. Examining the work and the performance of the amplifier iii. Testing the functions of the built amplifier’s components iv. Use experiments in improving the knowledge and skills I possess about an amplifier. v. Strengthen my technical skills Background Information The user might use an amplifier to raise the level of an amplitude of a signal using an amplifier such as, audio amplifier ton suit its purpose to the user. Maintenance of details and the characteristics of small signals is necessary while increasing the amplitude of the signal. The entire process is known as the linear process, where the level of the output signal is determined by the size of the signal. The design of the amplifiers has been advancing as the time goes. Below are some of the different types of existing amplifiers. These types of amplifiers are categorized in different classes including; Class A Amplifier This is a type of amplifier composed of output transistors conducting despite its signal waveform in the output, hence it’s the simplest amplifier of the audio. The frequency is low, and used where the power supply is adequate. Class B Amplifiers The amplifier has both positive and negative transistors which uses half of any signal available to conduct. The zero current is observed when the transistors replicates the input. The efficiency of Class B is higher than that of Class A due to this characteristics. Class AB Amplifiers The type is as a result of the compromise between the two amplifiers that is the Class A and Class B. Class AB amplifiers joins the quality of sound from Class A and the efficiency of Class B. in order to do the combination, the transistors biased of both amplifiers are made to conduct close signal to zero. Class D Amplifiers The amplifier uses pulse with modulation in order to produce a signal of rail to rail. Their efficiency is high to about 90%. Their efficiency causes them to be modern portable such as smart phones among others. The examples of this amplifier include; MAX98304 and MAX984000. Class G Amplifiers The operation of this type of amplifier is similar to that of AB. The difference between the two is that Class G uses several supply of power while AB uses one. It always amplifies maximum voltage. This Class is efficient than Class AB. Class DG Amplifiers It also uses pulse with modulation to produce a signal of rail to rail. Its operation is similar to that of Class G, apart from the fact that it requires only one supply of power to operate. Class H Amplifiers The drop across the stage of output is reduced in this class modulation of the supply of power. The class also does not require many supply of power. It uses the multiple digital signals and analogue signals that can be adjusted. NOR Gate Oscillators The input changes is slowed by the RC circuit on the input of the second gate of NOR. The output is not stable since it is connected to the input. The capacitors discharge tends towards zero. In other terms the capacitance in the capacitors used in this oscillator reduces. Experimentation 1. Design and Test Amplifier The circuit was designed using the following equipment and components. i. Equipment The equipment used in the experiment include; the Oscilloscope, a Digital Multi-meter (DMM), Direct Current power supply unit and a less breadboard soldier. ii. Components Three components were used in the experiment. The components are transistors (BC109BP), Capacitors (nF: 470, 4.7,) and Resistors (Ώ): (51k, 2x 5.1, 1k, 82Ώ,) iii. Procedures and Methods of the Experiment Figure 9 below shows a circuit made on a breadboard. In the circuit, a, and b are the two nodes, the C1 has a frequency of 1 kHz and a capacitance of 0.47uF. The other values in the circuit are; R1=51k, R2=5.1k, R3=1K, R4=82R. Figure 1: The circuit of an amplifier iv. Procedures The nodes voltages were measured from 0V which was s. The 0.1V was set as the magnitude of Vs. The components of the signals of the AC and DC were measured. R1 was detached. The Total Voltage Vb and the AC Vb. R1 was rejoined. To node ‘a’, Vs was connected and C1 detached. The Total Voltage Vb and the AC Vb, were measured. C1 was rejoined and R3 raised to 5.1k, hence, the Total Voltage Vb and the AC Vb, were measured Using an oscilloscope, (AC) and Vb (AC) were observed after R3 was reset to 1k. Then Vs increased slowly to 0.3V. The following procedures were used to explore the input frequency’s effects. Vs value was changed to 0.1 V. 10 Hz and 1 MHz was the range to which the input frequency varied and the peak value b (AC) was recorded. 2. Design and Test of Oscillator a) Objectives The experiment was conducted in order to use a NOR gate in making an oscillator, examine and test its performance, determining the process of setting the frequency, determine how sound and frequency relate and improve our technical skills. b) Equipment Equipment used were breadboard, PSU or the DC power supply, AFG also known as the function generator, Digital multi-meter and Oscilloscope. c) Components The components used include; (10, 68, 1k, 10k, 2100k, 220k, 620k, 1M, 3.3M, 5.6M, 10M) resistors, (nF): 10, 100 capacitor, BC109BP, CD4001BCN transistors and a 64 ohms loud speaker. d) Procedures and Methods of the Experiment A circuit was designed to test the oscillatory and the figure below represents the circuit. Figure 3.0: Soldier less breadboard circuit Below is a couple of methods sued to test and determine the oscillatory; a. Between pin 7 and 14, 9V DC was applied to power the chip. Form the method, the frequency of the oscilloscope was measured and the Va, Vb and Vc waveforms were measured. b. The dash line sin the figure were connected to link the amplifier to the oscillator. c. The power on the load was determined through; replacing the loudspeaker with the load resistor, then recording the waveform drop of voltage across V load and R load and the V top was measured. d. The effect of power on the amplitude on the load was determined through reducing the power supply to 9V gradually, and noting the corresponding level of the V top. e. The effect of the oscillation component value was studied through monitoring the Vc and measuring the frequency at R=1k, 10k, 620k and 3.3M. f. The tune was improved by resting the component R=100 from figure 3.0 and renamed in the figure below as R4. The figure was also made on the breadboard and the values used were R7=620, 5.6M and 10M. Results Analysis and Discussion 1) Design and Test Amplifier The voltages are calculated basing the DC using an oscilloscope or a voltmeter. Total voltage = 724mV. Therefore, the Peak AC value is 724mV The peak DC value = 8.60V. The peak to peak voltage is 24mV, when the value of R1 is disconnected. From this large decrease of the peak value, it is clear that the R1 has a significant effect in the circuit. The peak to peak value and the voltage reduces when the value of R1 is changed. On the other hand, the change causes a raise in the input voltage and the input peak to peak value to 4.11V and 450mV respectively. A decrease of the initial input is observed when the CI is detached, but the peak to peak value of the AC remains constant. As a result, the variation of the input signal changes from positive to negative. 2) Design and Test of Oscillator The observation made 9V, is the waveform of a saw tooth on the oscilloscope for Va. Both Vc and Vb produces a wave inform of squarem, although Vc has positive amplitude and Vb negative amplitude. The frequency expected is 1 kHz but the frequency produced is 618.1 Hz. The difference in the frequencies is caused by the chip circuit capacitive element. The value of the total capacitance is therefore larger than 10nF. The sound of the speaker is observed to remain constant, hence the oscillator is functioning appropriately. The output of the amplifier is Am region whereas its input is mA. The power supplied to the load is calculated as; The power above is the peak to peak value, hence there is factor 2 in the power. The power has an effect on the system. This is observed when the speaker and the V top are observed to reduce slowly. The speaker is silent when the power supply is reduced to less than 3V. Table 1.0: frequency found respectively at different voltages. Resistance (ohms) Vc (frequency) 1K 40 MHz 10K 5.6MHz 620R 100Hz 3.3 18.8Hz The pitch of the speaker is evidently determined by the value of the voltage. The pitch decreases with a decrease in the voltage value. The oscillating time slows as the resistance increases. This is observed when the speaker tone oscillates as the circuit was being made. Reference List Anil K. Maini 2007, Digital Electronics, Principle, Devices and Application, John Wiley and Son Limited, England Chi-Tsong Chen 2002, Analog and Digital Control System Design, Saunder college publishing John Bird 2007, Electrical and Electronics Principals and Technology, third edition Newnes Elsivier UK Professor Barry Parton 1998, Fundamentals of Digital Electronics, National Instrument Corporation Robert Nicoletti 2013, Audio Amplifier Basics, select the best topology for your design.n.d Retrieve on april 14th 2013, www.eetimes.com Read More