Incorporating Natural Lighting Into A Theatre Space - Coursework Example

Incorporating Natural Lighting into a Theatre Space University’s Name: Submitted by Names: Tutor: Date: Literature Review Daylighting Daylight was the main source of lights in buildings until 1940s when artificial lights were introduces to supplement the natural lights. The energy, health, and environment concerns have led to increased emphasis of the use of daylighting in buildings. The physics of daylighting has remained constant despite the changing building designs. Architectures always incorporate daylighting into buildings to portray architectural statements and the need to save energy. However, the importance of daylighting in buildings goes beyond architectural and energy saving, as it also has some physiological and psychological impacts on the occupants of a building. According to Edwards and Torcellini (2002), a significant number of people prefer daylit buildings because natural light has a balanced spectrum of colors and sufficient light needed for various biological functions in the body. In a scenario where an activity needs a windowless environment, it is important to have regular breaks to access the natural light and natural air in an open environment (Edwards and Torcellini, 2002). There is a direct relationship between daylighting and moods, reduced fatigue, reduced eyestrain. Daylighting also plays a crucial psychological role because it helps in meeting the need for contact with the natural living environment. Studies have shown that office workers and building occupants value windows in a building. Boyce, Hunter and Howlett (2003) found that some of the reasons why people do not prefer windowless buildings include inaccessibility to daylight, inability to know outside weather, feelings of isolation, and increased depression and tension. The use of daylight to illuminate buildings also reduces the level of energy consumptions (Boyce, Hunter and Howlett, 2003). The effective use of daylight reduces the reliance on artificial lighting systems like electricity that consumes a lot of enaregy. Daylight and Health Lighting is one of the crucial factors required for effective growth of the body. According to Çakir (2005), lighting has both psychological and physiological effects in the bodies of human beings, as the body relies on light as nutrients for metabolic activities in the body. Studies have shown that human eyes functions best when they are able to receive sufficient light that comes from daylight. Both the functions of central nervous system and neuroendocrine systems are affected by the stimulus of light (Çakir, 2005). Daylight, therefore, helps in improving the human body chemistry, which is important in maintaining good health. As a result, BREEAM has come up with legal requirements that make it mandatory for building designers to incorporate enough natural light that is in line with the required daylight factor. According to research by Kunkel and Kontonasiou (2015), daylighting is important in maintaining good health of human beings, but at the same time it is important to regulate the amount of daylight, as electromagnetic radiations can also be harmful if in excess. The designing of buildings to incorporate sunlight is not sufficient enough to provide sufficient daylight needed for psychological and physiological needs of human beings (Traynor, Fernandez and Caldwell, (2013). Even though sunlight is important for metabolic processes, it can also be dangerous when it is in excess because it can cause skin-related diseases like skin cancer and other health issues. It is important to control the amount of daylight to prevent its negative impacts on human health. Discomfort of Lighting Poor lighting in a room can lead to discomfort and can even cause physical health. According to Fontenelle (2008) poor lighting strains the eye by forcing the rod and cones to produce excessive chemicals to enhance the vision in an environment with insufficient lighting. The quality of vision always reduces if one spends a lot of time in a poor lit environment or room. Excessive lighting is also dangerous because it can lead to glare and visual difficulties, which can lead to discomfort in a room (Fontenelle, 2008). People experience glare when the line of vision is in touch with too much light that can affect the normal duty of an individual due. Inappropriate energy does not only lead to energy wastage, but it can also lead to either low or high contrast or poor color rendering. The inability of people to see properly also leads to unnecessary accidents. Bright objects in a room reflect lights and they enhance brightness, which can lead to excessive light as things become fuzzy. Heschong, Wright and Okura (2002), excessive brightness in a room is risky, as it can lead to temporary blindness that can cause accidents. Human eye has no ability to estimate the distance and shape of an object in a poorly lit environment, which can easily lead to accidents. However, when a person is exposed to excessive brightness for a long period of time, he can permanently damage his eyes, leading to blindness (Heschong, Wright and Okura, 2002). The obstruction of the source of light creates shadow that can reduce the brightness of light even in environments with sufficient lights. The above literature shows that daylight is important for both energy saving and health of human beings. At the same time, it has pointed out that the natural lighting also has some negative effects, especially when it is too little or in excess. It is important to consider the above factors when designing theatres. It is also important to control the lighting in the theatre to enhance comfort and to reduce the negative impacts of light. ETFE (Wilson, 2009) ETFE has a chemical name of ethylene tetrafluroethylene and it is one of the man-made fluo-ropolymer, with flurite as its principle ingredients. In order to melt the ETFE resin, it is heated until it reaches its melting point of 380 degree Celsius before it is extruded to single or multi-layer films (Charbonneau, 2011). ETFE weighs approximately 1% of the weight of glass and it can cost 70% less when used in construction compared to glass. ETFE is also highly translucent, which enable it to transmit about 95% light. In a situation that requires low light and UV transmission, ETFE can be printed to reduce the amount of light required. In addition, ETFE is not affected by UV light, pollution, and other environmental impacts, which makes it more durable and sustainable. In addition, it is ecologically friendly because it can be recycled and it also needs little for both transportation and installation (Monticelli, Campioli and Zanelli, 2009). ETFE is the perfect substitute to glass when it comes to building ecologically friendly and sustainable buildings. (Wilson, 2009) ETFE is easy to maintain because of its non-adhesive surface that makes the deposits of dust and other dirt not to stick on the surface and therefore can easily be washed away by rain. It also has self-extinguishing properties because it has no burning drops. According to Charbonneau (2011), the high resistance and elasticity of ETFE also make it more appropriate building materials in areas experiencing earthquakes. It has the ability to deflect under load, which can reduce the level of damage in cases of earthquakes or blast. Multi-layer ETFE Cushions Multi-layer ETFE cushions are made by joining more than one layers of ETFE films, which are then inflated with air in order to form a sealed panel (Zhang, Herzog and Hauser, 2006). The inflated air makes multi-layer ETFE more stable in comparison to extruded films. The multi-layer is preferred in structures with high amount of load. In addition, it is highly insulative that gives it better thermal qualities, which can be enhanced by adding more layers to the cushion. It also has absorption rate, which helps in reduces the level of heat load on structures. Single Layer Apart from using ETFE for air cushion, it is also possible to use a single layer ETFE where the ETFE foils are mounted through the use of a single layer. The foil is used as a tensioned membrane that is stretched to withstand wind load (Dimitriadou and Shea, 2012). Despite the fact that a single layer can withstand wind load, it is less strong in comparison to the multi-layer ETFE cushion. Therefore, the method is most likely to be avoided due to the expected high number of spectators in a theater. History of Pneumatic The concept of pneumatic has changed overtime, where is has transformed from small handheld equipments to large machines with different functions. The pneumatics can be traced back from the time when Assyria soldiers were using inflated goatskins to help them cross large rivers. Romans and Greeks also initiated the use of pneumatics where they relied on animal skins to develop underwater breathing equipments that they were using during wars (Chen et al., 2011). One of the scholars who are credited for having in depth knowledge on the characteristics of air was Leonardo da Vinci. Vinci demonstrated the peculiar characteristics of air by coming up with air-filled environment by using bladders of pigs in a small room. Another scholar who advanced the knowledge on the characteristics of air was Father Francesco Lena who came up with spherical balloon made up of thin copper sheet that functioned based on the concept of a vacuum (Chi and de Oliveira Pauletti, 2005). Bird and Stromeyer are some some of the engineers who are associated with the commercial application of pneumatics. During the Second World War, soldiers used pneumatics to develop emergency covers. After the Second World War, the US military used large pneumatic to protect their radars fro unfavorable weather conditions. The large pneumatics was developed by Walter Bird. A group of architects emerged in 1960s and they welcomed the inflatable forms as the best tools to contradict the traditional architectural ideas about pneumatics (Chi and de Oliveira Pauletti, 2005). The development of pneumatics was also seen in Expo’70 in Osaka where the three pneumatic structures that were designed by Yutaka Murata that comprised of 16 inflated tubular arches was shown. With increased knowledge and advancement in technology, architectures are able to develop pneumatics that can be used in putting up structures. History of ETFE ETFE was originally developed by DuPont to be used as insulation material in the aeronautic field. The people who discovered ETFE did not consider it as one of the mainstream material that could be used in developing structures. However, it was not until 1980s when Stefan Lehnert, a mechanical engineer student in German, further investigated ETFE in order to come up with effective and efficient sailing materials that it was discovered was the one of the best construction material (Poirazis, Kragh and Hogg, C 2009). Until then, ETFE has increasingly been used in various objects in both private and public buildings and other recreational facilities. In 1940, the US government gave DuPont a go ahead to develop pneumatic materials that it could use to insulate its airspace weapons like radar. Initially, the US government was using PVC, which was later realized that it was causing electrical receivers that led to the deterioration of its space craft as a result of cosmic radiation (Charbonneau, 2011). Therefore, the US government wanted am insulation materials that could withstand both friction and abrasion, and that could resist extreme weather conditions like high temperatures. Consequently, DuPont added Ethylene to PTFE, which enabled PTEF to be melted and then extruded to come up with ETFE. The commercialization of ETFE started in the year 1970s when DuPont and Hoechst came up with wire and cable insulation that prompted other investors to venture into the industry (Poirazis, Kragh and Hogg, C 2009). The initial designers were already familiar with PTFE, and with the invention of ETFE by DuPont, they developed the interest of using ETFE to develop structures. The favorable qualities of the ETFE like its strength, high light transmission, and relatively low cost motivated the industry players to prefer it over other materials that were available like glasses. Architectural Interest in ETFE The architectural interest in ETFE was motivated by the oil crisis that occurred between 1973 and 1974, which resulted to the development of extruded ETFE oil in Hoeschst that resulted to weather test of ETFE. The weather test was carried for almost a decade and within that period the ETFE did not show any change in either its optical or mechanical characteristics. The favorable qualities of ETFE prompted architectures to use it in coming up with structures. Thereafter, architectures have been using ETFE to replace glasses in developing structures like sporting facilities, swimming pools, and even in greenhouses. Architectures are now using ETFE to develop permanent buildings that can withstand unfavorable weather conditions at a relatively lower cost in comparison to the traditional building materials like glass. In 1980s, both Buro Happold and architect Otto carried out a study to construct a covered city in the Arctic that was known as 58 Degrees North. The aim of the study was to develop an environment that enables people to in the whole year. Engineers who did pneumatic structure wanted the city to be transparent and therefore the only viable option was to use glass or strong plastic. After assessing the qualities or glass and strong transparent plastic, the engineers concluded that they had some disadvantages that could affect the quality of the structure. The team, therefore, opted for the PTEF where they carried out the research by visiting some of the stadia that were constructed using PTEF in order to have full understanding of its qualities. However, after visiting various stadia and analyzing the qualities of PTEF, the team realized that it is not a favorable objective because of some of its undesirable qualities. The team found out that PTEF was unfavorable because it reflected dirty liners and it was transparent enough. The search for the favorable material continued and the expert that was representing DuPont suggested other two materials that could be used. The first material that was suggested was Teflon-FEP, which was also found to be unsuitable because of its low level of tear propagation. ETFE was the second material that was suggested by DuPont representative and the team narrowed on it because of its favorable qualities like elasticity and strength (MB Bureau Report, 2013). To ascertain that ETEF is the best material needed, the team carried out tension test that was done in the City University and the result of the test showed that ETFE had a peculiar load extension curve and small elastic range, which gave the material a lot of strength that can withstand heavy load. The team, therefore, concluded that ETFE is the best material to be used in developing pneumatic structure like the Arctic. Since them, architectures have shown a lot of interests in ETFE when it comes to developing structures that require some level of transparency. The Introduction of ETFE in Construction Industry ETFE is one of the newest building materials in the construction industry and architectures have identified it as one of the ecologically-friendly and sustainable building materials in the modern world. From the time it was discovered, architectures and engineers wanted to use it in the construction. However, they encountered a challenge because there were no experts who had full knowledge and skills that could be used to weld and clamp it to develop a structure. Engineers, therefore, found it hard to develop structural stability because ETFE was very thin, as it measured around 0.05mm to 0.25mm (Shepherd and Richens, 2011). Stefan Lehnert, a member of the Vector Foiltec, a sail-making firm that had a comprehensive knowledge in fabric, carried out an extensive study on ETFE in order to come up with effective and efficient sailing materials. Throughout his study, Lehnert discovered a machine that could be used to cut and weld ETFE foils to be for construction purposes. Lehnert led to increased awareness of the qualities and various uses of ETFE, which has led to its massive adoption in the architectural world (Shepherd and Richens, 2011). Since then, Vector Foiltec is believed to be the firm the cutting and welding of ETFE that is dominating construction industry today. The company has dominated the supply the ETFE materials despite the fact that other firms are also coming up. Vector Foiltec is also the leading company that is associated with ETFE projects across the globe like Adelaide Entertainment Centre, Artic, and Baku Olympic Stadium (Zhang, Herzog and Hauser, 2006). Vector Foiltec, therefore, introduced the use of ETFE in the architectural world by coming up with the machine that could be used to cut and weld ETFE foil that was a challenge to construction engineers. Eden Project (MB Bureau Report, 2013) The most famous ETFE project that is associated with Vector Foitec is Eden Project. It was a green environment that was designed by the company due to the favorable qualities of ETFE qualities, especially when it comes to its translucency and solar gain levels. The qualities of ETFE enhances the growth of vegetations in an areas enclosed using ETFE materials (MB Bureau Report, 2013). The Eden Project was the founding idea that promoted the development of green environment, especially in desert regions that receive little rain, with extremely high temperatures. The project is credited to Buckminster Fuller who designed the project after being inspired by nature geometry. Much has happened since ETFE was introduced in the construction industry, but there are still a number of studies that are done to enhance its qualities and new use. The sustainability of ETFE in the construction industry is being enhanced by coming up with high-tech coating and printing methods, which can be used to transform its translucency and thermal qualities. Architectures have been able to enhance the thermal qualities of ETFE foils by increasing the number of layers and also by adding nanogels (Chi and de Oliveira Pauletti, 2005). Experts also continue to carry out research to improve the internal settings of structure build using ETEF due to its poor acoustic absorption qualities, especially in the entertainment facilities that are prone of loud sound. Further research in the use of ETFE is being carried by various fabric experts to enhance the quality of ETFE foils. Development of ETFE in the Construction Industry The ETFE material has been used for relatively long period of time in various buildings because of its unique qualities like translucency and solar retention. Initially, it was majorly used in greenhouses and other entertainment areas. However, the use of ETFE with the design and development of Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, as architectures started using in to construct various buildings (Piontini, 2011). According to Piontini (2011), the first time when ETFE was used was in 1980s when it was developed into a membrane fabric to be used in architectural insulation. Since its first use, ETFE has transformed the architectural world, as it allowed transparent roofing and building enclosed environments. Allianz Arena that was to be used in 2006 FIFA world cup played a significant role in changing the perception of architectures after realizing its uncompromising qualities (Piontini, 2011). Despite the fact that Eden Project was the first project that was built using ETFE, Allianz Arena was more peculiar since it used ETFE in a very unique manner, as it employed designed principle that transformed the landscape. Allianz Arena (Wilson, 2009) Light Transmission Qualities of ETFE Light transmission is one of the excellent optic characteristics that ETFE has that makes architectures to prefer it over the normal glass. It is highly translucent with the ability to transmit between 94%-97% of any visible light and between 83%-88% of the UV range. Its light transmission quality is a very important quality when it comes to the wellbeing of both animals and plants (Poirazis, Kragh and Hogg, 2009). It is also possible to lit ETFE cushion internally to show different colors that are suitable for theatres and giant cinemas. Light Transmission Chart Data from Asahi Class Company Limited The high transparency of ETFE posed a lot of challenge to architectures because its high translucency created the perception that it was no suitable in building urban structures. However, the challenge was overcome after further research on the ETFE revealed it was possible regulate its light remittance through printing or shading (Poirazis, Kragh and Hogg, 2009). The translucent quality, therefore, has led to increased demand of ETFE, especially in the construction of recreational facilities and the greenhouses. Case Study: Allianz Arena Allianz Arena Allianz Arena is one of the modern stadia located in Northern Munich and it was constructed using ETFE materials that enable excellent light transmission. The stadium was designed by Swiss architects by the names Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron. What makes the stadium peculiar is that it has the ability to change colors depending on team playing, Bayern or TSV 1860. When the Bayern is playing in the stadium, it changes is color to red and white, and it also changes its color to white and blue when hosting TSV 1860. Therefore, the stadium can change to three colors, which include red, white and blue. The stadium shows color white when there is need for maximum light and dull colors like blue or red to regulate the transmission of light in the stadium. Thermal Transmission Qualities of ETFE ETFE has excellent thermal transmission qualities that that makes it suitable for various construction projects. It is possible to adjust air pressure contained in the ETFE cushions to regulate the thermal condition in a structure build using ETFE materials, especially multi-layer ETFE (Dimitriadou and Shea, 2012). The amount of air within the cushion can also be regulated to enhance comfort in the room. Case Study: Kingsdale School Kingsdale School Court Yard (Bizley, 2004) Kingsdale School is a good example where ETFE materials have been used in way that enables thermal regulation. The construction of the school was completed in 2004 and it formed the first ETFE structure in the whole of Britain (Bizley, 2004). The architectures placed ETFE pillows above the backyard to help in thermal regulation. Students use court yard for recreational activities while at the same time it houses a library and auditorium. The ETFE material houses the whole of court yard to enable thermal regulation, which is important in enhancing comfort. Web Research into ETFE According to Chen et al. (2011), ETFE is one of the modest building materials and it has been increasingly used in building various structures due to its favorable characteristics like lightweight, highly translucent, high transmission, relatively cheaper cost, and energy saving. ETFE are transformed to cushion before they are used through the compressor. One of the advantages of cushioned ETFE is its ability to provide effective thermal insulation at a relatively lower cost compared to glazed roof (Zhang, Herzog and Hauser, 2006). However, using it has been a challenge in the construction industry due to the difficulties in delivering optimized energy performance and treating to represent the layer of a glass can lead to an error because it is not opaque to long wave radiations. Therefore, maximizing the performance of ETFE material needs sufficient knowledge and understandings on how fabric works. Some of the most recent structures that were built through the use of ETFE were Allianz Arena and Water Cube. However, before the materials could be properly developed and embraced in the construction industry, there were some nervousness among architectures because it was not yet fully developed (Charbonneau, 2011). It was fully adopted in the architectural world Vector Foiltec had come up with the machine that could be used to weld ETFE. The success of recent projects like Allianz Arena motivated architectures to embrace ETFE in the construction industry. However, more research on the material has not stopped, as experts are striving to come up of better ways of improving its performance and new use. The nervousness that was associated with the material has gradually faded away as more structures are developed through the use of ETFE foils. ETFE is now considered to be one of the best building materials because it is eco-friendly, energy-saver, and cost effective in comparison to the traditional roofing materials and other building materials like glasses (Charbonneau, 2011). The improved technology in the construction industry has also helped in boosting the performance of ETFE materials. Despite the many advantages of ETFE materials that have been discussed in the above literature, it also has some disadvantages that architectures must be aware of. The materials are likely to get some puncture when they are exposed to sharp objects, especially the multi-layer ETFE cushions that are inflated. ETFE also transmit more sound that the normal building materials like lasses due to poor absorption properties, which make them unsuitable in sound prone facilities like theatres (Grecu, 2011). However, there are new technologies that are being developed to improve the sound absorption qualities of ETFE materials. ETFE also need steady supply of air because it is made of up inflated air that makes it hard to be applied in some construction projects. ETFE structures also require regular maintenance and service to ensure that it is in good shape all the time. The air inflated in the cushion need to be filtered in most cases in order to avoid excess moisture or other impurities in the system (Grecu, 2011). Even single layer ETFE requires regular maintenance because the exact amount of ETFE has to be taken into consideration and the expected load. Therefore, like any other building materials, ETFE also has some disadvantages that must be considered before it is put into use. However, it excellent qualities make it the most preferred building materials in the construction industry. Case Study: The Eden Project One case study will be carried out in the study on the ETFE buildings in order to allow the incorporation of natural lighting in structures or internal environments. Eden Project is one of the largest ETFE structures that were built in the UK. It is the attraction site for both local and international visitors. It is made in a form of multiple greenhouse complexes (Blewitt, 2004). The structure was designed by J. Baldwins who developed the structure in the form of pillow domes. However, it was the brainchild of Tim Smith, a musician who is associated with Lost Garden of Haligan (Blewitt, 2004). The two Biomes serve different purpose with one biome contains and nurture plant and narrates stories of the humid regions while the other talks about warm environment. There is also a botanic garden around the Eden Project which houses plants and animals that are found in the whole of the UK. The name of the project came from the 1994 TV series that was known as Earth 2 (Blewitt, 2004). Eden Project (MB Bureau Report, 2013) The study will focus on the specific ETFE features of the Eden Project. First, it will focus on the transparent windows that are made up of the ETFE by looking at the number of layers and how they work to regulate the temperatures in the biomes. The study will also focus on some of the features of the windows like the light transmission, the thinness, and the strength. In addition, the study will also focus on the biomes are designed, especially by considering the characteristics of the materials that are used like the ETFE materials. In summary, it is important for architectures to incorporate daylight when they are constructing various structures, especially the recreational facilities like theatres. The natural light has a lot of advantages to the occupants of the buildings. The natural light ensures the health of the people using the facilities; it saves energy due to the reduced use of artificial lighting devices, and it is also environmentally friendly. However, with improvement of technology, new building materials have emerged that have enabled architectures to incorporate daylight with the internal environments of the buildings. One such building materials is ETFE that come with suitable qualities like lightweight, thermal transmission, and strength. At the same time, the ETFE materials are environmental friendly, save energy and they are relatively cheaper compared to the traditional building materials like glass. One of the qualities that make it suitable in the theatres is light transmission because it is highly translucent. Therefore, using ETFE material in constructing theatres is one of the best ways to incorporate daylight in the theatres to enhance their comforts. 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