Risks in Regard to Israel as a Country - Case Study Example

Topic: Risk Facing Israel Name: Registration No: Institution Name: Tutor’s name: Date of Submission: TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Background 3 1.Health Risks 5 1.1.Recommendations 5 2.Economic Risks 5 2.1.Recommendations 6 3.Political Risks 7 3.1.Recommendations 8 4.Losses of population 8 4.1.Recommendation 9 5.Information risks 9 5.1.Recommendations 10 6.Military Personnel Risks 10 6.1.Recommendations 11 7.Losses of industry 11 7.1.Recommendations 12 8.Losses of the individual 12 8.1.Recommendations 13 9.Geopolitics of energy and protectionism 13 9.1.Recommendations 14 10.Inequality of living standards 14 10.1.Recommendations 14 11.The risk matrix for the above risks 15 Table 1. Risk Matrix for risks facing Israel 15 12.Budgeting for management of various national risks faced by Israel 15 Table 2. Budgetary allocation for managing various National Risks in Israel 16 References 16 Introduction National Risk Register (NRR) is an important requirement for any country, it ensures the country identifies areas where there are more possibilities of risks that can affect its stability in terms of economic stability, social stability, economic ties with its neighbouring countries and the extent to which the country is able to cover losses resulting from diseases, epidemics as well as economic risks (Blomfield 2011, p. 11). This enables a country prioritise on the activities that are most important so that it can remain stable as well as overcome any risks that may affect its development. This is based on the fact that a number of countries face a various forms of risks ranging from influence from word superpowers to conflicts with neighbours and there is a high chance that these risks can affect the development of these countries to achieve their goals of Generally, risk can be defined as the possibility of occurrence of a loss. Many world nations are facing various risks and Israel is not an exception in this case. It is even important to point out that all countries face risks but what differs is the type of risk each country face. Even the world strongest economies face various risks that are associated to their superiority. This paper discusses such risks in regard to Israel as a country. The types of risks identified are specific to Israel. There are many risk Israel face as a country and this may be attributed to the policies, regulatory frameworks, and even activities within it. The country faces political, economic as well health risks. There are many other risks but these are regarded as the major ones given the negative impact they could bring to the country. These are elements that have led to losses or may lead to further losses in the future. Background Israel is an example of a country where various types of risks are involved. This is because; there have been intertribal conflicts between Suni and Shia extremists who have been involved in the fight to control the country. There are also a number of strains in neighbouring countries that they could work closely with for the purpose of improving the economic, political and health well-being of their people. It has also been observed that the country has a number of immigrants who were infected with various diseases that affected the health status of its people (Diaz 2011, p. 42). As a result, it has been necessary to determine the high risks faced by the country, the medium risks as well as the low risks so that the country can prioritise on how to cope with them. This paper presents an analysis of various types of risks facing Israel and provides recommendation of how these risks can be managed, it also provides a risk matrix that illustrates the low risks, medium risks and high risks faced by Israel. According to reports from a number of studies, political risk is considered to remain high regardless of the Egypt-brokered truce between Hamas, an Islamist group and Israel, as reflected by the conflicts protracted after the ceasefire (Drezner 2011, p. 97). Benjamin Netanyahu, the prime minister of Israel is facing pressures from the ruling coalition, and it cannot be precluded the possibility of early elections can’t be precluded. Additionally, the spill-over effects as a result of the continuing civil war from their Syria, their neighbours remain high. A number of simultaneous studies have reviewed their growth forecast of 2014 from the previous projection of 2.4 per cent to a fall of 1.6 per cent and this is majorly due to the Gaza Strip seven week war, in July and August 2015, with the Islamist group Hamas. It is apparent that risk to stability will be persistent on the assumption that no solution will be found in regard to the Palestinian Issue. Subsequently West Bank radicalization risk will remain escalated throughout the coming periods (Inbar 2011, p. 33). A number. Researches have predicted real Gross Domestic Product to grow to 3.1 per cent through 2015 and this is in contrast to the 3.3 per cent that was previously forecasted. The prices of houses in Israel have rapidly escalated over the recent periods and this has raised eyebrows that a fizz has formed in the real estate market. Nevertheless, measures created by the government i.e. macro prudential measures, have already been inhibited as a result of the immobile demand within the continent of Europe, and consequently lower-than anticipated rate of growth within the Eurozone will definitely witness further deterioration of exports outlook. 1. Health Risks There is persistent falling trend in health. This is in regard to the share of government financing for the health system as well as the continued drop in the delivery of the physician service related to the population, with specific focus on the physician population that is aging. These two problems present a risk to the good performance of Israel, with reference to the health of the masses (Frisch 2010, p.54). In contradiction of the health care system trends witnessed in other developed countries, consisting of the US, there is a persistent shift in the direction of a greater private financing in the health care system of Israel. This particular trend broadens the discrepancies in access to health services and consequently enlarges the general gap in between groups of income. Private financing means that the cost of health services are bound to rise and may also signify a form of privatization. The common citizen with average and even low incomes will not manage to access health service because of the high prices charged (Inbar 2011, p.136). Another issue within the health sector is the aging of the physician population. This implies there retirement with no replacement as there is no motivation to venture into such careers this will lead to unavailability of professional services within the sector. All these problems will generally result in poor health of the citizens and even increased mortality rates thus reduced population. 1.1. Recommendations There is need for the government to increase its funding directed to the public sector. This will serve in subsidizing medical services that are offered to the average service. With increased public funding for this sector, costs of services and medical facilities are expected to fall thus an increased number of those accessing the medical services. There is also need for government to invest in physicians. This can be done by direct promotion of this career and even creating new and expanding existing medical schools. This will solve the problem of the diminishing numbers of physician’s thus increased professional services within the health sector. 2. Economic Risks These factors that are making or will make the Israeli’s economy to weaken. The general growth viewpoint for commercial activity in 2015 appears to be weak, except for the hydrocarbon sector. Processing, specifically in pharmaceuticals, will exhibit constrained growth because of the lowest rise in sales on the local market as well as in exports a s a result of the appreciating shekel (Katz 2011, p. 57). In October 2013 karnit Flug was appointed the Bol governor and the general status of the monetary policy has not yet significantly changed since then, though the prevailing challenges now seem to be deeper. The growth rate of prices within the economy has been comparatively small in the recent periods and anticipations, in regard to inflation, are normally controlled appropriately by the authorities, and despite the increased prices of oil the central bank (independent) has broadly maintained the consumer prices within the target range of 1-3 percent. However in October 2014 the prices of the consumers dropped -0.3% y/y with this being the second successive month of the decline. Additionally, lower oil price and lower food price that eases pressure on the cost of energy are expected to continue. Due to a fragile ILS, such will balance against significant inflationary weighs thus offset imported inflation. Still, the monetary authorities will be suspicious of the deflation spectra and, given that the main interest policy rate is at present 0.25percent low, a monetary impetus will call for the BoI to establish eccentric strategies to increase demand. Another economic problem being witnessed within Israel is the relatively low rate of investments as well as saving levels. This is to imply that there is reduced saving which consequently imply low investment (Lewis 1990, p. 127). These two variables i.e. savings and investments, are somewhat directly related as an increase in the saving level will increase in the investment level. Saving extra cash imply provision of capital for businesses and thus subsequent growth of the economy. With a deteriorated savings capacity and subsequent reduced investment, decline in economy should be anticipated in the near future. 2.1. Recommendations There is need for the government to implement strong and sound regulatory frameworks to ensure establishment of suitable monetary policies. This will help maintain economic stability in times of extreme economic conditions such as the inflation and the recession or depression. With a sound regulatory framework in the economy, the government will know when deflationary monetary techniques are to be applied and when expansionary monetary strategies are to be utilized. It is important to point out that application of the wrong technique to control an extreme condition within the economy may lead to further deterioration thus strong and sound regulatory framework will address this. A strong and sound regulatory framework within the economy implies to a control structure that is sensitive and also visionary to risks. The government should embark on an intense promotion to increase the quantity of savings within the economy. This will imply availability of accessible capital for investment. There is also need to embark on a rigorous promotion of Israel as a brand to foreign investors. Such investors will come to invest in Israel thus increased investment. It is important to note that all these approaches will help boost Israeli’s growth rate. 3. Political Risks The law of Israel necessitate for a general election after four years. Nevertheless, governments of Israeli in the recent have failed to survive a complete term in office. This is to mean that election are even down before four years elapse thus change of government over short spells. According to (Opall-Rome 2011, p.362), a IDI Researche, frequent elections and frequent change of a country’s leadership has undesired implications to the stability of the country. Even though it currently appears that the unity government will endure the calamity over substituting the Tal law, the possibility of another warped government played a role in highlighting the prevalent Israeli instability. This has consequently prevented each of the governments, formed within the last two decades, from completing a whole term. However, more than the extreme split over contentious problems or the scarcity of leaderships that are brave, more than the ever-changing mood of the nation or the stress of handling one of the most corrosive wars in the globe, in Israel governments fall like dominos due to the organizational faults within the electoral system (Rubin 2002, p.384). Among its top four priorities, the coalition government even cited reforms in the electoral system. This is to show that is a very contentious issue which need quick reaction before it is even too late. A poor electoral system will never serve Israel in regard to provision of a sound leadership. Flaws within the electoral system can’t produce the right results which are needed to steer the country forward especially now that the conditions are even getting worse. Many people yearn for the decent ancient days when Israel had only two big political parties, which is Labor and Likud. These parties competed for the support from voters and they were followed by several insignificant parties. Some of the small parties would join the coalition established by the significant parties that emerged winners after the elections. Some citizens subsequently yearn for the era when only a single party existed, that is Labor, and it formed the coalition (Shadid 2011, p. 263). For the first 40 years of the existence of Israel, that’s the way it was as Labor party governed the region, up to December 1973, the next election after the war of Yom Kippur. It is important to note that when the two party era became operational, at least one of the two big parties attained 40 seat. In a democratic perspective, 40 seats which turns to be a third of the Knesset for any party enhances the possibility of forming a stable coalition. Additionally this gives the ruling party more power to rule towards its manifesto or goals. Below 40 seats for any party always the case, increases the possibility of instabilities and difficulties when considering governing. A ruling government always need numbers to implement policies to steer the country forward and that has not always been the case (Blomfield 2011, p.321). Poor governance is also another issue that is affecting Israel. The elected leaders always do not feel obliged to serve the needs of the citizens who elected them. What always follow elections, are misuse of office inform of corruption and other unconventional practice. Most leader indulge in practices considered unethical and detrimental to the political stability. It is important to note that good leadership is needed to enhance political stability. 3.1. Recommendations The involvement all the sectors and stakeholders, i.e. the international community. Religious sector, the citizens, the politician s and even the corporate society is crucial to enhancing political stability of Israel. There is need for the international community as well as the religious sector to create awareness in regard to the importance of political stability within Israel. As indicate earlier, the electoral system has significant flaws thus there is need for sincere reforms in this sector as Israel will not flourish with the current status of things. Good governance should be given priority in Israel as it is through this that the political system will stabilize. It is vital to point out that politics of a country affects all the other sectors be it health and economy and thus there is need for creation of laws that are sensitive to this fact, laws that ensure the political system is relatively stable. 4. Losses of population Israel has been involved in a number of political conflicts with neighbours such as Syria and Lebanon. As a result, the country has not been a safe place for investments by investors. Due to low development, an individual Israeli faces a high risk of unemployment and a retardation of the living standard of such a person. This has resulted into the observation that a greater percentage of Israelis live below the poverty line (Diaz 2011, p. 328). As a result, they have been subjected to low life expectancy and increased death rates due to diseases and attacks from terrorists. Furthermore, it has been observed that there is increased wars and deaths of many Israelis as a result of conflict between Israel and Palestine. This has affected the lives of many Israelis and new born children face high risks of being killed as a result of attacks from terrorists and conflicts with neighbouring countries. This has been evidenced by low rate of population growth of Israel compared with other countries. 4.1. Recommendation The main recommendation that will enable prevention of loss of Israeli population is to ensure people are protected from harmful conditions such as communicable diseases and wars. It is expected that efficient health care will be a contributing factor towards a stable population. 5. Information risks The increase in the use of information technology has resulted into high rates of exposure of private information about people and governments, resulting into a threat to national security. For instance, cyberspace has enabled exposure of personal information with countries such as Israel being exposed on each private activity it is involved in (Drezner 2011, p. 231). The increase in the use of the internet has resulted into the demand that governments should provide these services to its people in the country, thus affecting its national priorities. Due to increased use of online and offline platforms in communication, the leadership of Israel has been subjected to a condition where its dirty linen is exposed into the internet so that it is accused of involvement in economic and political malpractices. Due to the exposure of all the security apparatuses of Israel through information technology, the country faces the risk of being attacked by terrorists in its weakest areas thus, exposing its population to more threats than anticipated. In addition, there is nationalism. If you can’t beat them, join them (Inbar 2011, p. 64). The Israeli government does not have the ability to control the rate at which its security apparatus are being exposed through the internet and other information and communication methods. So it is required that they become the loudest voice online and provide its detestation against information that is threatening to its security status. Familiar regional enemies have been the most active in exposing the secrets of Israel to online communication sites. It is expected that this threat will continue to grow in the coming moths. 5.1. Recommendations It has been recommended that if the Israeli government is keen on the effort to fight exposure of its secrets through internet and other information and communication activities, it has to be more aggressive in punishing citizens found to be involved in such an activity. This can be achieved through crackdowns on the culprits such as more arrests. It is also recommended that the government of Israel should come up with measures that ensure it has a tighter control of the web and regulates the content that can be accesses by unauthorised users of its important sites. For instance, it can create websites that prevent hacking into its secret information as well as those websites that locate any authorised users and their location. This will enable arrest of the affected person(s). 6. Military Personnel Risks Israel is a country that has been in the centre of many political and economic threats as well as threats from terrorists. As a result, it has been necessary to ensure the country has an efficient military force so that these threats can be minimised. However, it has been observed that Jerusalem is involved in trimming its military force due to budgetary constraints and the challenge of reappraisal faced by the military.it was reported that the Israeli government had come up with the decision to reduce the duration of training of military personnel by four months in the training process that takes three years (Frisch 2010, p. 53). Furthermore, it was reported that thousands of soldiers in reserves who are provided with a month each year will not be called up to the military force. The exact size of the military force of Israel is not known but according to estimation of foreign experts, there are 180000 in the standing army out of the 550000 military personnel in reserves. There has been the need to reduce the number of soldiers in the army due to the demand that modern warfare does not require many people in the army, but a small number with sophisticated skills. Presently, Israel does not face much threat from countries such as Egypt and Syria. This is because Egypt has been consumed by a number of internal conflicts that has affected its capacity to be involved in any disagreements with Israel. Syria, on the other hand has been paralyzed by civil wars. While Israel has a number of tanks, the battlefield performance is determined by the level of precision munitions of the forces using the artillery and aircraft as was observed during the wars in Gaza (Katz 2011). Furthermore, Israel is mainly vulnerable to attacks from missiles and rockets. It is estimated that there are more than 100000 such weapons in Hezbolla-Lebanon, due to the contributions of Syria and Iran. Israel has formed new units to enable it deal with these threats. The main units include personnel in charge of Iron Dome anti-rocket batteries that were successfully used in Gaza War, and a front Command, which has the capability to deal with the impacts of missiles sent to various cities in Israel. In addition, there is s unit that has the task of dealing with cyber warfare. While Israel has come up with measures of dealing with threats from outside counties and terrorists, it is recommended that there should be an initiative aimed at equipping the army with skills of precision during war so that they can meet their targets and safeguard the country from land combats this is because, threats from land are the most serious and can result into increased deaths of people if not properly managed. Furthermore, a considerable cutback in the existing army and reserve forces activities involved in reorganizing and small cadre has a negative impact on the career of solders-that are composed of less than one per cent of the population. This number of soldiers is too small and cannot constitute a stable administrative backbone that ensures the safety of Israelis.as a result of this challenge. 6.1. Recommendations It is recommended that there should be more training and recruitment of military personnel so that an assurance of safety of Israelis against external attack is achieved. 7. Losses of industry The main losses to industry are anticipated in the provision of social services. This is because; the country has been involved in legislation of laws that allows the existence of a number of national and community services. While the country has shown concern to care for less privileged people such as the elderly, single parents and the youth, it has not implemented most of its pledges to meet the needs of these groups of people in the population (Lewis1990, p. 482). This has resulted into high rates of distress for the youth and there is a high rate of dropout from schools among the youth. Thus, it is anticipated that there will be a high number of illiterate people in the future that will affect the capability of the nation to have a competent workforce. In addition, the municipalities such as the Ministry of labour that funds a number of projects in the country faces funding problems thus, not efficient in the process of running the ministry. In addition, it is found that there is an inadequate fund to manage social service sectors such as schools, universities, and community centres, management of immigrant population and management of hospital. Due to lack of funds to manage these services, it has been observed that generally the population is affected in terms of the deaths of the elderly and low enrolment rates in the universities and colleges Opall-(Rome 2011, p. 326). Due to increased conflicts with neighbouring countries, investors have been scared to invest in Israel thus affecting its economic development. Thus, it is anticipated that if this risk is not managed, there is a high impact that will be experienced in terms of increased rates of unemployment. Factories and other companies have also been affected due to lack of poor support from the government. 7.1. Recommendations A number of recommendations have been made which will ensure the country is able to cope with the risk of loss of industry. An example of a recommendation is that the Israeli government should put more resources in training institutions such as colleges and universities as well as provide government support for students. This is aimed at getting graduates with high competences which enable them provide competent services in the services sector. Furthermore, it is recommended that government of Israel should create a comfortable environment for investors by encouraging them to set up factories as well as providing subsides and few restrictions during the process of setting up a company. It is also recommended that the Israeli government should provide protection to investors by ensuring their property is not damaged and their activities are authenticated in the country. 8. Losses of the individual An Israeli is affected in a number of ways by various risks that exist in Israel at present. These risks range from personal security to ability to perform an individual’s tasks in Israel. For instance, there has been increased immigration of people from Lebanon and Syria into Israel as a result of internal tension that exist in these countries (Rubin 2002, p. 33). Due to these instances of immigration, these immigrants have been able to infect Israelis with a number of communicable diseases that has affected individual’s life in a significant manner. Furthermore, there has not been an adequate response from the government to deal with diseases such as smallpox and polio that has been associated with immigrants. Another personal problem facing Israelis is the existence of increased enmity with countries such as Egypt, Lebanon and Iran. Thus, an Israeli individual is mistreated when such an individual moves to another country. This has have bee illustrated by anti-Israeli activities that have been witnessed in various instances. For instance, internet providers and social networking sites have been involved in anti-Semitism activities and hate speeches (Shadid 2011, p. 26). For instance, some people have been witnessed to make anti-Semitism tweets and anti-Semites and anti-Romans have been involved in an attempt to spread messages in the internet that are against the Israelis in particular. Due to these hate speeches; an Israeli individual is not able to feel secure in his or her own country and worse still when such a person goes to another country such as a Muslim country. 8.1. Recommendations An example of a recommendation that will ensure there is reduced personal risk to any Israeli is by ensuring more security is provided to individual Israelis particularly when there is a conflict with another country or when there is a risk of terrorist attacks. It is also recommended that the government of Israel should be friendly to investors who are will be able to set up companies which can be a good source of employment for Israelis. Israel should also be involved in campaigns that discourage the use of hate speech against Semites. In addition, governments of foreign countries should be advised to provide special protection to immigrants of Israeli origin in particular. 9. Geopolitics of energy and protectionism Israel is a country that significantly depends on oil for a number of activities such as factory functions and operating motor vehicles and productions that take place in pharmaceutical companies (Blomfield 2011, p.70). Since the country is not involved in production of oil, it imports this important raw material from other countries such as Syria, Turkey, Iran or United States. The suppliers of this product have been involved in a number of geopolitical activities such as arbitrary increase of oil prices which affects the ability of the country to import oil from other countries. In addition, the country has been involved in conflicts with countries such as Iran and Syria which are some of its suppliers. As a result of these conflicts, the country has occasionally faced sanctions such as no trade with other countries and thus, unable to obtain oil which is the main important raw material for its industrial activities. This has significantly affected its economic growth. The problem of protectionism has been observed mainly by some countries that are not willing to trade with Israel due to political differences. For instance, a political difference has resulted into the inability of Israel to trade with countries such as Lebanon, Iran and Syria (Diaz 2011). As a result, its economy has been greatly affected. 9.1. Recommendations Due to these impacts of geopolitics of energy and protectionism, it has been recommended that Israel should enter into better relationship with other countries such as Syria, turkey and Lebanon so that they can create a good trade ties and ensure the country benefits from oil supply from these countries (Drezner 2011, p. 75). This is expected to contribute to its economic improvement. It is also recommended that Israel should create good trade relations with neighbouring countries such as Egypt and Iran so that its people can be able to import and export products from these countries. 10. Inequality of living standards Inequality of living standards continue to bite in Israel as well as it bites any other country in western world. For instance, it has been observed that there is a widening gap between the rich and the poor and high inequality has been observed when those living in urban areas are compared with those living in rural areas (Frisch 2010). It has been observed that most people in rural areas are subjected to poor housing, educational facilities and health institutions compared with those living in urban areas. Thus, there has been high mortality and low life expectation in rural areas of Israel compared with urban areas. In terms of employment opportunities, it has been observed that most people who are not in the military or government positions do not get enough earnings to support their lives. There has also been neglect of government to provide adequate employment opportunities and there is a considerable difference in economic capabilities in Israel (Inbar 2011). 10.1. Recommendations Due to the inequalities mentioned, it has been recommended that government of Israel should prioritize well in the manner in which it distributes its resources to the people of Israel. This involves decentralization of industries to rural areas and providing education and quality health services to the people of Israel who live in the rural areas. It has also been suggested that more schools should be created in rural areas so that people can access quality education and improve their lifestyles. 11. The risk matrix for the above risks Based on the likelihood and severity of risks, the following risk matrix has been used to categorise the risks mentioned above. Negligible Marginal Critical Catastrophic Rare Unlikely Loss of the Individual Possible Inequality of living standards; Losses of population Geopolitics of Energy and protectionism Losses of Industry Likely Military personnel risks; Economic Risks Political Risks Health Risks Certain Information Risks Table 1. Risk Matrix for risks facing Israel 12. Budgeting for management of various national risks faced by Israel Out of the national GDP of Israel of $ 290.6 billion, 1 % will be allocated for management of these risks. Thus, the total allocation will be 2.906 billion. The following budget shows how the allocation will be used to manage various risks. Type of National Risk Percentage allocations Amount of Allocation (Millions of USD) Health Risk 20% 581.2 Political Risks 8% 232.48 Economic Risks 7% 203.42 Losses of population 4% 116.24 Information Risks 6% 174.36 Military personnel Risks 6% 174.36 Losses of industry 15% 435.9 Losses of the Individual 12% 348.72 Geopolitics of Energy and protectionism 15% 435.9 Inequality of Living Standards 7% 203.42  TOTAL   2906 Table 2. Budgetary allocation for managing various National Risks in Israel References Blomfield, A. 2011. Turkey to Provide Armed Escort for New Gaza Flotilla, Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/8752189/ Turkey-to- provide-armed-escort-for-new-Gaza-flotilla.html Diaz, S. 2011. Homefront commander under fire for grim security assessment, Israel Hayom, http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php? id986. Drezner, D. 2011. Does Obama Have a Grand Strategy? Why We Need Doctrines in Uncertain Times,Foreign Affairs 90, no. 4: p. 58. Frisch, H. 2010. Why monarchies persist: balancing between internal and external vulnerability,’ Review of International Studies 37, no. 1: pp. 167—184. Inbar, E. 2011. Israeli-Turkish Tensions and Their International Ramifications,’’ Orbis 55, no. 1, pp. 132—146, http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/efraim_inbar/Israeli TurkishTensionsArticle.pdf. Katz, Y. 2011. Hamas sets up rocket production line in Sinai,’’ Jerusalem Post, http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id248948. 18. ‘‘Israel says Gaza gets anti-plane arms from Libya,’’ Reuters,http:// www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/29/us-palestinians-israel-libya-idUSTRE77S3UO2011 0829. Lewis, B. 1990. The Roots of Muslim Rage, The Atlantic, http:// www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1990/09/the-roots-of-muslim-rage/4643/; Opall-Rome, B. 2011. Senior Israeli Commander Sees Danger in Syrian Collapse, Defense News, December 12, http://www.defensenews.com/article/20111212/ DEFFEAT04/112120319/Senior-Israeli-Commander-Sees-Danger-Syrian-Collapse. Rubin, B. 2002. The Real Roots of Arab Anti-Americanism, Foreign Affairs 81, no. 6 (November/December 2002). Shadid, A. 2011. Unrest Around the Arab World Endangers Turkey’s Newfound Influence,’’ New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/05/world/ europe/05turkey.html. 8. Read More