Environmental Justice - Assignment Example

Summary and Key Points Only Name Course Institution Date Summary and Key Points Only Question 1: Environmental justice Justice is a common commodity in various departments in the world. This touches on the social and cultural settings of the people together with the environmental structures put in place. Environmental justice ensures sustainability of the environment. Not every human activity in the world is capable of turning positive on the protection of the environmental justice entails ideas and strategic options taken by the government in order to protect the interests of the environment for the benefit of future generations. Environmental justice was formulated and implemented with the world environmental program that ensured that equitable measures are taken in conservation and preservation of the environment. Moreover, it is justifiable to have laws and regulations that serve the environment and protect it against human interventions that threaten its existence and sustainability in the world. Social gradient of health The social gradient of health has been decreasing gradually. Health gradient involves the trends at which the society executes and lives up to the expectations of the health status outlined in the general worker calibrations. The society is not healthy in various parts of cities like Sydney and Australia. Unhealthy cities translate into poor health of the people and the environment as a whole. Therefore, social gradient of health is possible to transform or thwart measures taken to promote environmental fairness and sustenance in an environment. The social gradient in many cities and environments is extremely poor. Equitable measures needed to promote social health include those that protect on the common interests of the environment in line with the interests and needs of humanity. It is possible to scale different mechanisms of operation between the environment and human activities without reflecting negatively on the environment (Calderón & CORRIGAN 2007, p. 85). Link between geographic location and health Geographic location of a place has a direct link to the health of that place. This is evident when based on the issuance of human activities together with parameters of preservation of the environment. Locations mired by effectual human activities like polluted areas have poor health. Others that do not enthrone human activities are healthier. Nonetheless, it is possible to have a reputation of positive or healthy and unhealthy environment based on the specifications put forth by the human activities. Therefore, the health of any given environment is dependent on human activities and interventions the measures (Harris 1995, p. 44). Question 2: Rural fortunes Rural fortunes vary from one place or rural setting to another. Fortunes refer to exemplifications that happen in the rural areas irrespective of the majority needs of the living organisms. Rural settings embrace much of the environmental influences and growth. Without rural stakeholder alienations, it becomes possible to have rural settings that do not stand by the principles of protection and health of the environment. Therefore, the health of the rural environment is dependent on the human activities together with its capability to coexist amidst diverse environmental effects. Definition of rural A rural setting refers to settings within a natural exposure of the environment. Rural parts of a place are places where interfering human activities have not been established fully and everything that takes place is out of intervention from human activities. For instance, a rural setting has no human developments like industrial settings, centralized trading activities, and immediate human settlements. Ways in which rural and regional areas are socially different from urban areas Rural and regional settings have no immediate social structures with the people existent. The social structures are established well since settlements and human activities are correlated and connected together. In rural and regional settings, societies live closely. Human activities that match the needs of people are brought closely to the people. Moreover, rural social setups are mild since families live with central ideals of development through common avenues. In urban social setting, there is no reputable way of spelling the structure of the social connotations. It is integration of different social establishments that match together to yield a common social behaviour (O'regan 1993, p. 66). Moreover, urban settings lack the basic figurative avenue of well-structured settings that meet the needs of a few since settlements are many and congested. Social advantages and rural disadvantages rural and regional areas experience Rural and regional areas lack immediate human interventions like electricity, water sources, open and wide business fields and markets, and a cohesive diverse human interaction. In most cases, rural settings exist in solitude with little activities for growth and development. On the other hand, rural and regional settings exist within a natural environment free of pollution, human congestion, high profiles of social behaviours and interactions, and minute accesses to basic human needs like food and healthy environment. Question 3: Reasons why Sydney is a socio-spatially polarised city Sydney is a socio-spatially polarised city due to its diversification and engagement in different global activities. The culture of the city has been under sustenance with little to show to the public. Social polarisation occurs from the parameters laid by the city towards preservation of its cultures, commonality of understanding, and interaction with the environment. Question 4 Income influences access to housing producing geography of housing inequality. The higher the income one receives from a job opportunity, the greater the chances of living within a fair housing establishment. The trend between housing and income magnitudes are related in various ways. The common correlation is affixed in the fact that human capability to access equitable housing is based on the influence of income at hand. This aspect has led to variations that differentiate between different people living in fair housing and those living in unfair housing. Geography of housing inequality has changed since 1970s Different houses command different landscapes from the environment. In the olden days, housing schemes were less and dispersed. Now, several housing schemes and demands warrant environmental acceptance in order to cater for the varied needs of the people. The geography of housing is established well today unlike in the past where it was dispersed. Increase in human population has transformed housing mechanisms. Moreover, differences in commanding income has setup inequalities where people access housing with respect to their capability to respond to its needs and demands. This is unlike in the past where every house was accessible with sole individual effort to establish it. Since 1970s, the trend or gap between those with equitable housing and people with poor housing has been extending. History and contemporary patterns of urban development In the olden days, people lived as communities with commonality of speech, language, origin, generation, and many other connections that bring people together. In the past, urban settlements existed as conjoins where people could carry out activities as trading. Few settlements were made near them. With time, gradual urban development made many people to live within these urban settings in order to advance their business and other institutional activities. Olden urban settlements were mired with unstructured occupations. Nonetheless, cases of pollution and overpopulation were not there. Moreover, rise in human population has resulted in the emergence of poor living conditions and urban settings in the whole world. Such developments are categorical in some cities like Sydney and Australia. Globalisation and polarising city Globalisation refers to the aspect of embrace of new and modern trends of human growth and development together with patterns of interaction. Embrace of new technologies and mechanisms of production and consumption that bring the world together is called globalisation. Polarisation of cities, like Sydney, has taken similar paths as those taken by globalisation. However, the differences in the destinations to be arrived at strikes the need for globalisation in order to shun polarisation of any kind. City segregation is a crucial factor that dominates many cities in the world. Question 5: Immigration definition Immigration is an act of moving from one country into another for residence. Immigration’s impact on population and the formula for population change Immigration influences the general population of a place. The local or existing population is giving a lift with entry of immigrants. For instance, the total population of a place increases with that of the immigrants. It is without limited concerns that increase in population due to immigration results in effectual changes in accessing basic needs like food, shelter, transportation, and job opportunities in the market. Australian history of migration policy and settlement policy The Australian history of immigration policy and settlement dates back to early 19th century. Australia has been accepting entry of immigrants only under certain policies. These policies stress that immigrants are allotted country emergency acceptance only if they are to become of immense benefit to the nation. Immigration is not allowed freely in the Australian immigration policies. Immigrants are treated as visitors who have time to leave. Moreover, Australian policies stress the need to have measures of creativeness and coherence in order to assure immigrants of safe acceptance and stay while in the country. This has been the history of the country as concerns immigrants. Some have been allowed while others condemned. Importance /role of immigration in building the nation Immigration adds to the developmental nature of a country. Influx of skill, knowledge, expertise, and developmental masses ascertained by immigrants enables the nation to extend its capabilities of growth and development. Moreover, immigrants with positive accruals and productivity help to strengthen on the revenue allocations of a country. Definitions of ethnic concentration Ethnic concentration refers to a situation where individuals of a particular ethnic setting live within a similar periphery of existence and interaction. When people of similar ethnic backgrounds live within a similar location with the absence of any other ethnic group, then this is called an ethnic settlement. Models of concentration and dispersal (Burgess concentric zone model) There are several models for dispersion and concentration. Burgess concentric zone model is a model that takes ground with specifications that it is possible to have a tremendous scale of reference for concentration at cities and towns in the world. According to this model, various factors result in human urban concentration. Some of them touch on the financial exemplifications. Moreover, the urge to live within the processing and trading locations of a country attracts Burgess concentric zone model. Boal’s functions of ethnic concentration Boal’s function of ethnic concentration reviews at how different groups of people get concentrated and later result as a congested settlement in various regions. In Australia, it is common to find a community that lives together as a family and yet executes the precepts of urban settlement. According to Boal, there are common trends in the world that integrate different people into their ethnic settlements. These integrations help in establishing peace and cohesion that has transcended several parts of Australian cities like Sydney. Q6: Geographies of Disability Definitions of disability – the social model According to the social model, disability refers to a situation of inability. Disparities exist in various societies. The economic standards and boundaries established by the government or a business situation puts people in different levels of affordability. This is where the social model regards disability as a facet of not possessing the ability to impact. Societies vary in different ways. For instance, it is likely to find a society of averagely committed individuals. Such a society exists within an average setup when it comes to development. Socio-spatial environments as disabling versus socio-spatial environments as enabling Socio-spatial environments are disabling in nature. They do not offer a solitude ground over which people living within it can coexist and integrate. Many societies in Australia are because communities have been living together for a long period. Therefore, it beats logic to think that Socio-spatial is a problem solver in such a case. Nonetheless, Socio-spatial is enabling within an urban or any other kind of setting. For instance, it enables a contribution of all the diverse cultures and communities within a single place of location. Universal design and building ‘enabling’ spaces/inclusive cities/planning for diversity The universal design and building enabling spaces establishes a common ground where cities and other concentrated locations can be established under a flexible design. The designing process enables a palatable and secure ground where activities like settlements will be accorded their respective dues. Settlements in an urban setting need to meet the contractual qualifications that ascertain their security and sustenance. This concerns durability of the structures, spacing, and other planning activities that are done before and during urban establishment processes. Q7: Geographies of Gender There are various geographies of gender in Australia as does in the world. Gender is a basic commodity that differentiates the two sets of humanity. Nonetheless, studies show that different groups of people are able to access and utilize gender parameters and hence have created what is called geographies of gender. These are categorical of the differences in human integrations and activities as happen in cities and rural areas. In most cases, gender geographies result from community differences that reiterate the differences between males and females in a place. What is meant by heteropatriarchal space: ideologies of patriarchy; the public/private divide? Heteropatriarchal space refers to a space over which different people of the opposite gender are able to access one another. The male population in the society is synthetic to the establishment of unions and bonds between different communities. This is also an activity played by the female counterparts. With the essence of heteropatriarchal space, ideologies of patriarchy vary from one individual to another. Ideological differences ranges from the professional world to the present technological. As a result, the public seems to be divided in different factors and avenues. Nonetheless, the scales of separation are related to what takes place within the cities and societies as a whole. Symbolic and material gender inequalities in space (work/home & billboard/monuments) Gender inequality is a crucial feature in the globalised setting of various nations in the world. Symbolic and material gender inequality is evident in various communities and societies. Symbolic gender inequality results from status exemplifications that bestow individuals in different classes in the world. Material gender inequalities are categorical of the similarities and differences in ownership of property that relays sources of power and dominion in the world. These inequalities are replicated at workplaces and at homes. Moreover, these inequalities are evident in billboards and monuments in Australia’s Sydney and other cities in the world. Feminist responses to patriarchy and gender inequality in space Patriarchy and gender inequality in space have attracted varied responses from different departments in the world. For instance, it is possible to alleviate that female individual’s count patriarchy and gender inequality as an unnecessary facet in human existence and integration. For instance, the Australian policies on human creativity and productivity point to gender inequality and patriarchy as substantial obstacles to success of most women in the world. Females treat patriarchy and gender inequality as a crime that should be eliminated in the entire world and not in Sydney alone. Q8: Indigenous and Invasion Geographies Indigenous geographies refer to geographies that are intrinsic in a place. For example, within the Sydney people are common attributes that were existent since the creation of the city. The long prehistoric times relay the magnitude at which indigenous geographies have been in existence. The growth and development features are accrued to the level at which such geographic features have been of any significance to the general performance of the geographical structures as happen in Australia. On the other hand, it is possible to note that invasion geographies refer to geographies that came to a place from the outside sources. Such geographies are extrinsic to the general growth and development of any piece of geography in a place. They are extrinsic in nature. Some of them are directly affective to the intrinsic geographies while others are indirectly affective. How and why the British miss-read the Australian landscape and Indigenous people The Australian landscape and indigenous people are clued naturally to their ordinary existence of Sydney and Australia as a country. The thrilling nature of the way in which the indigenous people of Australia are clued to their traditions and preservations of the environment affects the British understanding of them. The British approach of Australian landscape and indigenous people is invasion geography. It reflects on the natural existence and capability of the indigenous people to integrate globalised facets of growth and development. On the other hand, it becomes hard for the Australian government and its people to sway their belief and understanding of their natural landscape and indigenous facets. Therefore, the people of Australia skew the British understanding of the Australian indigenous people and landscape to the existence of loyalty and devotion. The changing nature of Redfern and Block; a gentrifying inner-city community Communities make a city grow or perish. This is as replicated in the changing nature of Redfern and the Block classified in the gentrifying inner-city community. Living within similar environments or apartments is part of city-building avenues. This story reiterates on the importance of commitment and togetherness in the indigenous city of Sydney. Q9: Geographies of Employment Geographical differences exist in employment opportunities and acquisitions. Employment is a rare commodity in the city of Sydney as happens in the entire world. Therefore, it is a common feature to note that geographical differences in employment opportunities, qualifications, and power affects people of Sydney. People seek for employment as if they are seeking for a basic commodity. With the presence of differentials in employment and other disparities, geographies of employment take significant classes. These classes are a replica of what takes place in the world. How have employment patterns in Australia changed under the influence of economic globalisation. Employment patterns in Australia have changed under the influence of economic globalisation. Initially, many of the Australian economic models and systems were based on traditional and rudimentary approaches. With the changes that came amidst globalisation, it has become easy for some people and hard for others to engage in further economic employment activities. Globalisation has welcomed the use of modern equipment, skills, and technology in production and processing. With these approaches, some Australians have lost their jobs with a few regaining or getting employment. Therefore, employment has become a critical aspect in the Australian economic market. How has this manifested geographically. Geographically, globalisation has changed on the trends environmental conservation and sustenance approaches. Geographic changes are related to globalisation techniques involved in production and processing together with marketing. Therefore, the geographical exemplification of various sections of Australia has become affected with globalisation. What are the implications for Sydney as a whole, and Western Sydney in particular? Generally, Sydney felt opened up by the globalisation strategies involved throughout the world. The most affected areas included employment, productions in major plants and institutions, together with human resource schemes in the country. Several parts of the city were affected. For instance, the western part of the city saw many people lose their jobs with employment of new technologies and openness of globalisation that took place at its initial phase. Q10: What is Immigration policies are? Immigration policies refer to measures to be considered while carrying out immigration activities. They are the structures and connotations that spell how the general process of immigration is done in any given country together with requirements and legal justifications to be followed for a proper immigration process. In every activity are procedural activities that give way in execution and implementation processes. Such are the uses of immigration policies when handing immigrants from different societies in the world. Moreover, immigration policies refer to extremes executed during immigration processes (Blunt & Mcewan 2005, p. 46). Q11: The five faces of oppression Exploitation: this refers to the marginal difference between the wages workers work for and what they get as pay. In most cases, workers work for higher wages but receive less of what they disserve. Exploitation could come in refusal to access rightful property and any other material of whatever advantage. Marginalization: this is a situation where an individual or group of people are left out of a labour market because of a number of reasons like disabilities, age factor, and many other factors. Powerlessness: this is a situation where workers are divided between jobs with autonomy and authority and those without autonomy and authority with much preference given to jobs with autonomy and authority. Cultural dominance: this is a situation where one group with similar cultural backgrounds appears superior to others, experiences, and histories. Violence: this involves physical and psychological attacks on opponents by a superior group with an aim of accessing undeserved priorities and property (Anderson 2002, p. 67). The main force of discrimination is exploitation since it touches on refusal of individual to access what they have worked for and is supposed to be accorded to them. Q12: How the White Australia Policy differs from multicultural immigration policies The white Australian policy differs from multicultural immigration policies in a number of ways. The Australian white policy does not allow non-white immigration into Australia. This is a negative aspect when it comes to the multicultural policies of immigration. The white Australian policies did not pay enough attention to the nationality of the people. Rather, it studied the need to have a sound proficiency of the white people before being allowed to enter Australia. The policy did not allow multicultural states and individuals together with British accents into the country. With the abolition of the policy after the First World War, it was evident that the multicultural immigration policies that were adopted made way to the difference between the two policies. Moreover, the two policies highlighted on the need to have foreign settlements though the white Australian policy were categorical of the colour of immigrants into its territories. Q13: Outline what is meant by socio-spatial polarisation. Then consider three ways in which socio-spatial polarisation affects people living in SYDNEY today. 30 Socio-spatial polarisation is a feature that puts together people of certain characteristics within a given domain. Socio-spatial polarisation refers to a division or establishment of features that relay communities or social trends under a similar cohort. In the social world, it is a common feature to experience people of similar or differing characteristics. Therefore, connections created by these facets result in segregation of certain communities or sections of the population while others are given much regard. Such are due to cases of socio-spatial polarisation. Socio-spatial polarisation affects people in Sydney Australia in various ways. Socio-spatial polarisation reduces chances and equity in employment acquisition and deliveries to people. In many cases, it becomes possible to have a society that dwells on equality in assigning various activities and responsibilities. Due to socio-spatial polarisation occurrence, it becomes hard to imagine and relay equity of individual people in the private and public sectors. Socio-spatial polarisation increases inability of the segregated communities to live within the precepts of the other members within a society. For instance, polarisation in Sydney has resulted in intense poverty levels among a certain group of people while others are well over above the poverty line. Establishment of classes within the societies and government structures have emerged due to socio-spatial polarisation in Sydney and many other cities in Australia. With regard to peace and universal growth and development of the Sydney occupants, socio-spatial polarisation has led differences in the economic, social, and cultural strengths of the people. The stability of the Australian city with respect to the facets of growth and development has been affected by socio-spatial polarisations in the city. Variances are notable in distribution of the natural resources together with humanitarian services. The public service within the city has suffered the most from the trends of socio-spatial polarisation. Therefore, socio-spatial polarisation has varying significance in people living in Sydney (Asumah & Johnston 2002, p. 435). Reference list Anderson, K. (2002). Handbook of cultural geography. London, Paul Chapman. Asumah, S. N., & Johnston-anumonwo, I. (2002). Diversity, multiculturalism and social justice. Binghamton, N.Y., Global Academic Pub., Binghamton Univ. Blunt, A., & Mcewan, C. (2005). Postcolonial geographies. New York, Continuum. Calderón, J. Z., & CORRIGAN, R. A. (2007). Race, poverty, and social justice: multidisciplinary perspectives through service learning. Sterling, Va, Stylus. Harris, D. A. (1995). Multiculturalism from the margins: non-dominant voices on difference and diversity. Westport, Conn. [u.a.], Bergin & Garvey. O'regan, T. (1993). Australian television culture. St. Leonards, NSW, Australia, Allen & Unwin Read More