Analysis Iodine Methodology - Assignment Example

Iodine Methodology Your name Institutional Affiliations Question one The analysis of iodine is a good instance of iodometry. A solution that is made of iodine is always brown or yellow in color. Whenever a chemical group is introduced in the solution of iodine, a yellow color is always discharged. According to Alfred (2002), the amount of iodine solution that is necessary to maintain the solution brown or yellow is the measure of the quantity of iodine responsive groups (Alfred, 2002). Method used to collect dietary iodine intake in the CNPAS. Iodine value intake in a diet is the degree of instauration in oil. Principle According to Alfred (2002), the oil that a person takes consists of both unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. When there is a double bond in a fatty acid chain, what happens is that iodine gets incorporated into the chain. Iodine value is represented by q of iodine and then it is absorbed by 100g of oil. Procedure Put 0.5 or even 0.5g of oil in a flask of iodine and then put it in10ml of chloroform. Add 25ml of Hanus iodine solution. Mix the solution well and then keep it in the dark for 30 minutes and make sure you shake occasionally. Add more of 10ml of kl with a concentration of 15%. Later add water that has been boiled and then cooled. Titrate the solution using 0.1g of sodium thisulphate to a point where the solution turns nearly colorless. Titrate the solution later again using a few drops of starch until the blue color disappears completely. As you finish up the process of titration, it is necessary to stopper the flask and shake well so that any iodine that might have remained can be taken up by the solution of potassium iodide (Alfred, 2002). Calculations According to Alfred (2002), the amount of thiosulphate that is necessary for blank minus the amount that is required for sample will always give thiosulphate equivalent of iodine used by the oil taken analysis. Iodine number= (B-S)/weight g of sample B represents ml of thiosulphate blank S shows ml of thiosulphate for sample N shows normality of thiosulphate solution Question 2 Alfred (2002) stipulates that the nutrient reference values for iodine for girls and boys aged between 14 and 16 years are as follows: Dietary intake per day is 150 micrograms per day Average requirement per day is 150 micrograms per day Higher level of intake is 900 micrograms per day. Alfred (2002) asserts that the reference values that have been given above are based on the pathological and physiological factors. Examples of these factors are thyroid diseases and the type of food taken. The estimated percentage of children with iodine level that is under the average requirement gives details of the occurrence of insufficient iodine intake (Alfred, 2002). Fairly the reverse the population of children with estimated iodine intake higher than the upper level acts as a way of estimating the likelihood of adverse effects that come with taking excess iodine. Food supply fortification with iodine is recommended in decreasing the occurrence of children who are under average requirement. Fortification of food supply is also important in preventing intake of surplus iodine and especially when salt that is discretionary iodized is incorporated in a diet (Alfred, 2002). According to Alfred (2002), one out of four ladies, between the ages of 14 and 16 are below the average requirement that is estimated. Normally, girls have lower iodine intake compared to that of boys. The main contributors of food to dietary iodine intake are non-alcoholic beverages, cereal products and milk products. Iodine is a very important part of thyroid hormone; it is very important and is so much necessary for metabolism and normal growth. Iodine exists in tissues both in organically bound forms and organic (Alfred, 2002). The level of bioavailable iodine is based on the quantity consumed and not the composition of the diet. The content of iodine in majority of foods can be exaggerated by irrigations, soil and fertilizers. At times, losses do take place while cooking. Inadequate goiter can lead to development of goiter; hypothyroidism and at times physical and mental impairment develop. Question 3 Implications of iodine Iodine, which is a trace element that exists naturally in some foods, is a very important component of thyroid hormones. Alfred (2002) stated that thyroid hormones control a lot of biochemical reactions in somebody’s body. Some of the reactions that are regulated by thyroid hormones include protein synthesis and activities that are influenced by enzyme. In addition to that, thyroid hormones are very essential in determining metabolic activities and also they play a big role in influencing development of skeletal and central nervous system in infants and fetuses. The functioning of thyroid hormones is controlled by thyrotropin which is commonly known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH is secreted by pituitary gland and is met control production and secretion of thyroid hormone (intake, 2002). TSH increases uptake of iodine and at the same time influences the synthesis and release of T4 and T3. When there is insufficient iodine and levels of TSH remains high, the outcome is that one develops goiter. Iodine has got other impacts such as physiological functions. Some of them include playing a role in immune response and at times helps prevent fibrocystic breast disease. According to Alfred (2002), excessive or less iodine intake can lead to various effects. There are health risks that are associated with excessive intake of iodine. High levels of iodine in someone’s body can lead to symptoms of iodine deficiency such as high levels of TSH, goiter and hypothyroidism. This is because excessive iodine in vulnerable individuals hinders secretion of thyroid hormone hence increasing TSH stimulation which increases chances of development of goiter (intake, 2002). At times, hyperthyroidism may develop as a result of high intake of iodine and this happen mostly when iodine is administered as a means of treating someone who suffers from iodine deficiency. However, in this case we are going to concentrate on effects of low levels of iodine on adoscelents and children. Effects of low iodine levels on children and adoscelents Iodine deficiency has got a lot of negative effects on people aged between 5-18 years. One common negative effect of defiency of iodine to people in this age group is that it has really affected their growth and development. Firestone D 1994, states that this has been the major cause for the raising mental retardation throughout the world (Alfred, 2002). These iodine deficiency disorders come up due to insufficient thyroid hormone production. Especially in children iodine inadequacy can really lead to effects that can never be reversed again. This means that once the condition develops no treatment can be administered to reverse the condition. In normal conditions, what happens is that the body controls concentrations of thyroid hormones by the help of TSH. When everything is normal, what happens is that increase in secretion of TSH leads to fall of iodine intake to a level below 100mcg/day (Alfred, 2002). TSH leads to increase in uptake of thyroidal iodine from the blood and also raises fabrication of thyroid hormone. At the same time, it is vital to note that low levels of iodine intake lowers thyroid hormone production despite the existence of high TSH levels. If the iodine level of a person between the age of 5 and 18 years falls approximately below 10-20mcg/day, the result is hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is a condition that is at most times followed by goiter. The most common and earliest clinical sign of iodine defiency is goiter (Alfred, 2002). When the condition is chronic meaning that there is severe iodine deficiency, the result becomes cretinism. Cretinism is a serious condition that is characterized by deaf, mutism, stunted growth especially for children, delay in maturation sexually and mental retardation and many other neurological and physical abnormalities (Alfred, 2002). Iodine deficiency leads to cognitive function during childhood. Studies that have been carried out by various scientist shows for example, moderate iodine deficiency specifically in children led to great reduction in IQ by almost 12 to 13.5 points. Alfred (2002) highlights that iodine supplementation and especially for children who stay in areas with iodine deficiency seems to be affected both physical and mentally. It also seems in those areas that there is decrease in mortality with transient and minor adverse effects. In conclusion, in the areas with little iodine in their diet, especially semi-arid and inland areas where there are no marine foods, lack of enough iodine leads to hypothyroidism, goiter, slowing mentally, a lot of weight gain, increased fatigue and low body temperatures. The leading reason for increased mental retardation is iodine deficiency. It occurs when children are termed hypothyroidic due to lack of iodine. In wealthier nations the problem has partly been eliminated by adding iodine to table salt. However, in developing nations lack of enough iodine still remains a big problem that is yet to be dealt with. References Alfred, T. (2002). "Fats and Fatty Oils." Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. Read More